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Topic Review
Gag Order
A gag order (also known as a gagging order or suppression order) is an order, typically a legal order by a court or government, restricting information or comment from being made public or passed onto any unauthorized third party. The phrase may sometimes be used of a private order by an employer or other institution. Gag orders may be used, for example, to keep legitimate trade secrets of a company, to protect the integrity of ongoing police or military operations, or to protect the privacy of victims or minors. Conversely, as their downside, they may be abused as a useful tool for those of financial means to intimidate witnesses and prevent release of information, using the legal system rather than other methods of intimidation. Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation (SLAPP) orders may potentially be abused in this way. Gag orders are sometimes used in an attempt to assure a fair trial by preventing prejudicial pre-trial publicity, although their use for this purpose is controversial since they are a potentially unconstitutional prior restraint that can lead to the press's using less reliable sources such as off-the-record statements and second- or third-hand accounts. In a similar manner, a "gag law" may limit freedom of the press, by instituting censorship or restricting access to information.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Biography
Hamoodur Rahman
Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman (Urdu: حمود الرحمن‎; 1 November 1910 – 20 December 1981[1]), NI. HI, was a Pakistani jurist and an academic who served as the Chief Justice of Pakistan from 18 November 1968 till 31 October 1975.Chief Justice Rahman remained a very respected figure in Pakistan's judiciary, and is hailed for his honesty and patriotism that Senior Justice Khalil-ur-Rehm
  • 927
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Policy Instruments for Renewable Energy Development in China
The impact of energy shortage and environmental pollution on the world economic development is increasingly prominent. On the 5th anniversary of the Paris Agreement, China declared its national goal of achieving “emission peak” by 2030 and “carbon neutrality” by 2060. In terms of China’s current energy consumption structure, fossil energy represented by coal is still the mainstay of current energy utilization. However, traditional fossil energy sources such as coal and oil are being replaced by renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and nuclear energy. The Chinese government is aware that in order to achieve long-term economic development, it is necessary to properly deal with climate change, energy demand and environmental protection. The development of renewable energy provides an effective solution to these problems. The renewable energy industry needs policy instruments to support it in order to survive in the market in the early stages of development. However, subsidies do not last long. As the renewable energy industry develops, the support and subsidy mechanism will be phased out, and the energy industry will enter the commercialization stage. Finally, a policy system combining government guidance and market mechanism will form.
  • 892
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Swiss Federal Act on Gambling
In January 2019, a new Swiss Federal Act on Gambling (Loi federal de jeux d’argent: LJAr) entered into force following a vote by the Swiss electorate. Intended to modernize and harmonize previous law and open the market for online casinos; the new regulations have highlighted the need for a comprehensive monitoring system. 
  • 848
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Integrated Maritime Policy
Integrated and ecosystem-based maritime policy should be seen as a versatile multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral instrument for international dialogue within the region.
  • 721
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Information Technology Rules, 2021
The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 is secondary or subordinate legislation that suppresses India 's Intermediary Guidelines Rules 2011. The 2021 rules have stemmed from section 87 of the Information Technology Act, 2000 and are a combination of the draft Intermediaries Rules, 2018 and the OTT Regulation and Code of Ethics for Digital Media. The Central Government of India along with the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB) have coordinated in the development of the rules. Intermediaries had until 25 May 2021 to comply with the rules.
  • 672
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Use of Force by States
The use of force by states is controlled by both customary international law and by treaty law. The UN Charter reads in article 2(4): This principle is now considered to be a part of customary international law, and has the effect of banning the use of armed force except for two situations authorized by the UN Charter. Firstly, the Security Council, under powers granted in articles 24 and 25, and Chapter VII of the Charter, may authorize collective action to maintain or enforce international peace and security. Secondly, Article 51 also states that: "Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right to individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a state." There are also more controversial claims by some states of a right of humanitarian intervention, reprisals and the protection of nationals abroad.
  • 662
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Microgrids for Energy Transition
International, national, and subnational laws and policies call for rapidly decarbonizing energy systems around the globe. This effort relies heavily on renewable electricity and calls for a transition that is: (i) flexible enough to accommodate existing and new electricity end uses and users; (ii) resilient in response to climate change and other threats to electricity infrastructure; (iii) cost-effective in comparison to alternatives; and (iv) just in the face of energy systems that are often the result of—or the cause of—procedural, distributive, and historical injustices. Acknowledging the intertwined roles of technology and policy, this entry provides a cross-disciplinary review of how microgrids may contribute to renewable electricity systems that are flexible, resilient, cost-effective, and just (including illustrative examples from Korea, California, New York, the European Union, and elsewhere). 
  • 607
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Climate Change and Fisheries Regulation
Climate change and its effect on marine environment, especially ocean warming, acidification and sea level rise, impacts fisheries in different ways. However, fisheries and climate change are regulated by different international management mechanisms, which makes the current fisheries management system face challenges.
  • 599
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
The Development of E-Commerce on EU Tax Regulations
The term “e-commerce” means online shopping on the World Wide Web, and it can be described as the buying/selling process through the transmission of data remotely.  Compliance with the VAT (value-added tax) regime is addressed in the context described by the two important categories of active legal rules: the rules for consumer protection and the rules related to ensuring data protection. The investigation of the legal framework in this regard started from the presupposition that the necessary changes in regulation for facilitating e-commerce are capable to determine indirect changes in many aspects of financial rules and taxation. While analyzing the regulation of online trade, the various measures undertaken recently in respect to European sources of law and their implications for national legal framework opened additional directions of investigation. 
  • 580
  • 25 Feb 2022
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