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Topic Review
Comparison of U.S. State Governments
In the United States , the government of each of the 50 states is structured in accordance with its individual constitution. In turn, each state constitution must be grounded in republican principles. Article IV, Section 4, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution tasks the federal government with assuring that each state's government is so organized. All state governments are modeled after the federal government and consist of three branches (although the three-branch structure is not Constitutionally required): executive, legislative, and judicial. All state governments are also organized as presidential systems where the governor is both head of government and head of state (even though this too is not required). The government of each of the five permanently inhabited U.S. territories is modeled and organized in a like fashion. Each state is itself a sovereign entity, and as such, reserves the right to organize in any way (within the above stated parameter) deemed appropriate by its people. As a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance. No two state governments are identical. The following tables compare and contrast some of the features of U.S. state governments.
  • 481
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Compensatory Carry-Over Action Model (CCAM)
The Compensatory Carry-Over Action Model (CCAM) is innovative as most behavioral theories only model single activity. The CCAM, however, models different single activities—such as physical activity and nutrition —and how they change as a result of one another. Such lifestyle activities are assumed to be formed by higher-level goals, which can drive activity volitionally or unconsciously, and are rather unspecific. They become specific because of activities that are subjectively seen as leading to this goal. Each activity must be intended, pursued, and controlled. Specific resources ensure that individuals have the chance to translate their intentions into activity and that they resist distractors. Compensation and transfer (also called carry-over) operate between the different activities. If people devote all of their energy to one domain and believe that no resources remain for the other activity, compensation can help to attain goals. It is also possible that an individual successfully performs one activity, and existing or developing resources may be transferred to another activity.
  • 2.5K
  • 16 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Competences 4.0
Most models classify competences 4.0 into 3 main categories: digital, social/emotional, and cognitive. However, analysis shows competences 4.0 are studied from isolated perspectives by different disciplines. There is no unified, comprehensive model. The researchers propose a more detailed model with 5 categories: psychosocial, metacognitive, linguistic, technical, and digital competences. Psychosocial competences include teamwork, leadership, flexibility, communication skills. Metacognitive competences involve learning ability, problem-solving, creativity, self-reflection. Linguistic competences relate to communication, foreign languages, interpretation, social skills. Technical competences cover specialized knowledge, data analysis, technology use. Digital competences involve information literacy, media skills, programming, cybersecurity. The model aims to be interdisciplinary and capture the complexity of competences needed for Industry 4.0.
  • 337
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Competencies and Key Competencies in Sustainability
Decision makers with high-level responsibilities in economics, politics, and civil society require more sustainability competencies than the average citizen. These include perceiving and understanding the world as an interplay of complex systems, committing to values, and far-sighted strategizing as well as communicating in an engaging way. Researchers indicate that dealing with uncertainty, following one’s own values, and building up resilience play a major role for decision makers.
  • 213
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Competitive School Climate and School Bullying
School bullying is widespread in countries around the world and has a continuous negative impact on the physical and mental health of students. However, few studies have explored the influence mechanism of a competitive school climate on school bullying among Chinese secondary vocational school students.
  • 285
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Components of Talent Development Programming
Talent development, as a framework for gifted education, is gaining traction among scholars and practitioners. Its foundation can be found in a synthesis of the psychological literature on creativity, eminence, giftedness, and high performance. A comprehensive talent development program can be grouped into six main categories for the purposes of planning and evaluation. These include (1) focusing on domain-specific knowledge and skills, (2) considering domain-specific trajectories, (3) recognizing that abilities are not fixed and need to be developed, (4) teaching psychosocial skills, (5) planning for academic and career pathways, and (6) taking advantage of opportunities when they present themselves.
  • 267
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Compossessorates in Transylvania (Romania)
The compossessorates in Transylvania (Romania) are traditional varieties of commons. The compossessorates are family associations that jointly own an idivisible piece of land. The rights of each family within the association are inherited and depend on the size of the contribution made by their predecessors to the establishment of the association. During the inter-war period two types of compossessorates were most common in Transylvania: those of the former boyars and the ones owned by the former serfs. An analysis of the 1904 Austro-Hungarian Regulation on the organization and management of the commons, of the 1910 Romanian Forest Code that was implemented in Transylvania after 1918, and of the by-laws of compossessorates, derived from the aforementioned documents, unveils the concern of both legislators and members of compossessorates for the preservation, balanced exploitation and regeneration of the forest fund and their focus on sustainable management of forests. The compossessorates were disbanded upon the instauration of the communist regime in Romania and re-established after 1989. Nowadays, compossessorates continue the local tradition of sustainably managing the forests and the pastures.  
  • 666
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Comprehensive Annual Financial Report
A Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR) is a set of U.S. government financial statements comprising the financial report of a state, municipal or other governmental entity that complies with the accounting requirements promulgated by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB). GASB provides standards for the content of a CAFR in its annually updated publication Codification of Governmental Accounting and Financial Reporting Standards. The U.S. Federal Government adheres to standards determined by the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB). A CAFR is compiled by a state, municipal or other governmental accounting staff and audited by an external American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) certified accounting firm utilizing GASB requirements. It is composed of three sections: Introductory, Financial and Statistical. It combines the financial information of fund accounting and Enterprise Authorities accounting.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Computational Thinking and Gender Equality
Researchers evaluated the computational thinking skills according to gender of a group of male and female students of industrial engineering and systems engineering from universities located in the Andean region of Peru; the five key skills were evaluated: abstraction, decomposition, generalization, algorithmic design, and evaluation. To strengthen computational thinking, activities related to agriculture, livestock, the environment, safety, and education were proposed, which are of interest to the community where the students live.
  • 362
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Computerized Memory Assisting Technologies
According to the World Health Organization, people suffering from dementia exhibit a serious decline in various cognitive domains and especially in memory.  Two options are available for dementia treatment: pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Cognitive training is an intervention method that employs structured (usually repetitive) exercises aimed at improving or maintaining mental function. Advances in technology have led to the emergence of computerized cognitive training (CCT).
  • 197
  • 09 Oct 2023
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