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Topic Review
Remote UAS Pilots and Possible National Airspace Risk
The proliferation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in the United States National Airspace System (NAS) has resulted in an increasing number of close encounters between manned aircraft and UAS, which correlates with the increasing number of remote pilots in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) airmen database. 
  • 162
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Sense of Presence for Human Behavior Studies
Sense of presence is a key element of the user experience in the study of virtual environments. Understanding it is essential for disciplines, such as architecture and environmental psychology, that study human responses using simulated environments.
  • 226
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Understanding the Mental Health of Doctoral Students
Doctoral degrees include Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and other professional doctorates such as Engineering Doctorate (EngD), Doctor of Education (EdD) or Doctor of Clinical Psychology (DClinPsy). Unlike undergraduate or postgraduate taught students, doctoral students focus upon a single, autonomous piece of research. Research indicates a high occurrence of mental health problems, mental distress, and symptoms of anxiety or depression in doctoral students. Additionally, there is concern that they may be less likely to disclose existing mental health problems or access support services than undergraduate or postgraduate taught students. This entry explores the known factors that contribute to the mental health of doctoral students studying in the United Kingdom.
  • 369
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Green Behavior of Civil Servants
The green behavior of civil servants in the workplace is influenced by personal moral reflectiveness and green conscientiousness. Group discussions and initiatives within organizations can also influence individual green behavior. Civil servants with greener lifestyles are more likely to demonstrate green behaviors. 
  • 319
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Urban Social Space and Sustainable Development
Urban social space and sustainable urban development are both prominent areas of research in urban studies. The development of a city is closely tied to the development of its social space. The level of sustainable development in a city can be assessed by examining the evolution of its urban social space. Therefore, the two are highly interconnected in a close relationship. However, the social dimension of sustainable development has always received the least attention compared to the economy and the environment.
  • 394
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Education
Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are emerging technologies with a variety of potential benefits for sustainability education. Here, learning processes such as flow and presence seem to determine the learning experience. VR is understood as a computer-generated simulation that is three-dimensional (3D), multisensory, and interactive. The user can inhabit and act within a virtual environment. VR enables unique learning scenarios, as simulations allow students to act as if they were in a real environment while interacting with otherwise intangible or inaccessible objects. VR provides users with the experience of a different world that may otherwise be too dangerous, expensive, or impossible in the real world. AR, in contrast, is used to enhance and enrich the real-world learning experience. It involves overlaying digital information, such as images, videos, 3D models, or text, onto the real-world environment to provide users with additional context, interactivity, and engagement.
  • 284
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Pandemic and Families’ Emotional Wellbeing
The COVID-19 pandemic caused many enduring changes in the everyday life of families, with negative effects on parents’ and children’s wellbeing. It is well known that the pandemic impacted lives for many months worldwide, with implications that are still present even if the emergency is almost over. Coping strategies refer to the regulatory processes people used to manage their emotions and behaviors under stress. They are multidimensional and have different functions that enable a person to adapt to the environment. Coping strategies include controlling one’s emotional state by acting on it, self-regulation, and strategies aimed at gaining control of one’s emotional state by acting externally, other-regulation.
  • 193
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Academic Help-Seeking and Outsourced Support in Higher Education
The growth in online higher education has seen the ‘unbundling’ of some services as universities have partnered with private companies in an effort to enhance their services. 
  • 110
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Psychotherapy for PTSD of Veterans Affairs
The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) uses a systematized approach for disseminating evidence-based, trauma-focused psychotherapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Within this approach, veterans with PTSD must often choose between Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), each delivered in their standard protocols. Many veterans have been greatly helped by this approach. Yet limiting trauma-focused therapy to these two options leaves the VA unable to fully address the needs of a variety of veterans. 
  • 123
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Impact of COVID-19 on E-Learning
Due to its severity, the outbreak of COVID-19 led to unprecedented levels of social isolation that affected educational institutions, among others. Digital technologies such as cloud computing and video broadcasting helped the adoption of e-learning during the crisis.
  • 197
  • 18 Dec 2023
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