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Topic Review
Research Progress of Computational Thinking
Computational Thinking (CT) is a transversal and complex competence that goes beyond the use of computers and writing code. It is considered an ideal medium for the development of 21st-century skills.
  • 497
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Research Trends in Resilience and Vulnerability Studies
While the definition of resilience is disputed or even fuzzy, due in no small part to the diversity of its applications, the concept generally involves the ability to withstand and bounce back from shocks; vulnerability as a related concept involves the tendency to suffer from shocks, given existing characteristics that may prevent resilient responses. Vulnerabilities put individuals, groups, and societies at greater risk and disadvantage, suggesting a need not only for disaster response and recovery, but mitigation and preparedness. Resilience and vulnerability research has recently focused on the role of government, the COVID-19 pandemic, and flood hazards; topics of interest have also included resilience of rural and urban areas, development and sustainability, and displacement and migration.
  • 307
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Research Trends of Protected Areas and Nature-Based Tourism
Nature-based tourism (NBT) represents a significant sector within global tourism, which may represent approximately 20% of the global tourism market. In parallel, many natural areas and ecosystems are threatened by challenges related to climate change, biodiversity loss, and anthropogenic activities, calling into question their sustainability.
  • 587
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Residential Complex Regulate Residents’ Behaviour
Due to the spatial orientation of social interactions, semi-public spaces in these buildings are unable to host residents’ interactions due to a lack of appropriate arrangements/establishment of tangible and visible objects. The influential components, however, have rarely been identified in residential complexes. Social interaction can, therefore, be improved through green space, brightness, accessibility, and furniture in common areas. Residential complexes with clustered arrangements have not performed well in creating social interaction due to the lack of defined spaces and territories for people, but multi-core, mixed, and linear complexes that define several open and semi-open spaces have been more successful in the amount of social interaction of residents.
  • 330
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Residential Segregation
Residential segregation refers to the disproportionate distribution of population groups across a geographical area. Groups can be segregated on the basis of any characteristic (such as occupation, income, religion, age or ethnicity) and at any geographical scale. In most cases, segregation is, however, measured with regard to residential areas of a city. The extent of the unequal distribution of selected characteristics can be expressed by different statistical measures. Sociologists, economists and demographers have long studied how social groups tend to be differentiated in residential space and developed a broad range of explanations. As a consequence, segregation has been explained by a variety of theories, which are discussed in this paper. The topics examined by empirical research include temporal dynamics, geographical patterns, societal causes and effects on life chances. This entry focuses on major conceptual facts regarding residential segregation and only marginally discusses the methodological issues connected with its measurement.
  • 731
  • 02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Resilience in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is characterized as a syndrome in which the individual exhibits a discreet cognitive decline on neuropsychological tests compared to people of the same age and educational level, but this impairment does not have a notable impact on everyday functioning. People with advanced mild cognitive impairment (MCI) would perceive increased negative psychological outcomes, poorer psychological resilience, and lower levels of subjective wellbeing in contrast to early MCI and healthy participants.
  • 192
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Resistance Theory in the Early Modern Period
Resistance theory is an aspect of political thought, discussing the basis on which constituted authority may be resisted, by individuals or groups. In the European context it came to prominence as a consequence of the religious divisions in the early modern period that followed the Protestant Reformation. Resistance theories could justify disobedience on religious grounds to monarchs, and were significant in European national politics and international relations in the century leading up to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. They can also underpin and justify the concept of revolution as now understood. The resistance theory of the early modern period can be considered to predate the formulations of natural and legal rights of citizens, and to co-exist with considerations of natural law. Any "right to resist" is a theory about the limitations on civil obedience. Resistance theory is an aspect of political theory; the right of self-defence is usually taken to be a part of legal theory, and was no novelty in the early modern period. Arguments about the two concepts do overlap, and the distinction is not so clear in debates.
  • 1.9K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Resource Curse
This phenomenon, which hinders economic growth due to excessive dependence on natural resources, is called “resource curse”.  The resource curse not only brings negative effects on the speed of economic growth, but also causes a series of ecological and social welfare problems, such as environmental pollution and income inequality, which runs counter to the goal of high-quality economic development. 
  • 592
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
Resource Monotonicity
Resource monotonicity (RM; aka aggregate monotonicity) is a principle of fair division. It says that, if there are more resources to share, then all agents should be weakly better off; no agent should lose from the increase in resources. The RM principle has been studied in various division problems.
  • 420
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Response to Intervention
In education, response to intervention (commonly abbreviated RTI or RtI) is an approach to academic intervention used in the United States to provide early, systematic, and appropriately intensive assistance to children who are at risk for or already underperforming as compared to appropriate grade- or age-level standards. RTI seeks to promote academic success through universal screening, early intervention, frequent progress monitoring, and increasingly intensive research-based instruction or interventions for children who continue to have difficulty. RTI is a multileveled approach for aiding students that is adjusted and modified as needed if they are failing. In terms of identifying students with specific learning disabilities (SLD), RTI was proposed as an alternative to the ability–achievement discrepancy model, which requires children to exhibit a significant discrepancy between their ability (often measured by IQ testing) and academic achievement (as measured by their grades and standardized testing). Methods to identify students with SLD have been controversial for decades and proponents of RTI claim that the process brings more clarity to the Specific Learning Disability (SLD) category of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA 2004), while opponents claim that RTI simply identifies low achieving students rather than students with learning disabilities.
  • 814
  • 20 Nov 2022
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