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Topic Review
Psychophysics
Psychophysics quantitatively investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they produce. Psychophysics has been described as "the scientific study of the relation between stimulus and sensation" or, more completely, as "the analysis of perceptual processes by studying the effect on a subject's experience or behaviour of systematically varying the properties of a stimulus along one or more physical dimensions". Psychophysics also refers to a general class of methods that can be applied to study a perceptual system. Modern applications rely heavily on threshold measurement, ideal observer analysis, and signal detection theory. Psychophysics has widespread and important practical applications. For example, in the study of digital signal processing, psychophysics has informed the development of models and methods of lossy compression. These models explain why humans perceive very little loss of signal quality when audio and video signals are formatted using lossy compression.
  • 3.5K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Psychotherapy for PTSD of Veterans Affairs
The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) uses a systematized approach for disseminating evidence-based, trauma-focused psychotherapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Within this approach, veterans with PTSD must often choose between Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), each delivered in their standard protocols. Many veterans have been greatly helped by this approach. Yet limiting trauma-focused therapy to these two options leaves the VA unable to fully address the needs of a variety of veterans. 
  • 138
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
PTSD of Sexual Minority Survivors of Sexual Assault
Sexual and gender minorities experience sexual assault at a higher rate than their heterosexual counterparts and PTSS and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common adverse health outcomes of sexual violence. Several risk factors have been associated with PTSS and PTSD, all of which are prevalent among individuals who identify as a sexual or gender minority. 
  • 113
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Public Attitudes towards COVID-19 Vaccination
Major hindrances to getting a COVID-19 vaccine include vaccine hesitancy, skepticism, refusal, and anti-vaccine movements. Several studies have been conducted on attitudes of the public towards COVID-19 vaccines and the potential influencing factors.
  • 942
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Public Order Act 1986
The Public Order Act 1986 (c 64) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It creates a number of public order offences. They replace similar common law offences and parts of the Public Order Act 1936. It implements recommendations of the Law Commission.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Public Parks
Public parks are a part of the public spaces of a city. Cities are rediscovering the potential of urban parks to advance environmental sustainability and enhance its social amenities.
  • 3.7K
  • 16 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Public Policy Implementation for Rural Development
Rural development is a problem of social and economic nature, which is required to be addressed in a manner taking into account its complexity. This development is related to planning and policy actions which central problem is (Ackoff 1977) how to make the proposed planning solutions accepted and implemented effectively. In rural context, this means to deal with a set of stakeholders with different education levels, purposes and influences, and with a set of standards which is lower than that of urban or national development.
  • 435
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Public Safety Personnel Family Resilience
The families of public safety personnel (PSP) face demands that are unique to these occupations. Nonstandard work, trauma exposure, and dangerous work environments affect both workers and the families who support them. Factors influencing family functioning and the availability and accessibility of resources provide clues about the type of skills and supports that PSP families rely on. Meaning-making, collaboration, a sense of coherence, and communication were identified as themes associated with intrafamilial processes. Extrafamilial themes included public perceptions, a lack of recognition for the roles families fulfill, and the need for information and education. The vulnerability of PSP families is variable and extrafamilial resources in the form of formal and informal supports are necessary to enhance family resiliency. 
  • 489
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Public School Choice Options in the United States
Under the structure of compulsory education, students in the United States are required to attend school until at least 16 years of age, which can be done at a variety of educational institutions, both public and private. Amongst public schools, students are each assigned a neighborhood school but also frequently have the option to attend a choice school. While the purpose of neighborhood schools is to provide a guaranteed educational option that accommodates most students, choice schools serve varied purposes that accommodate specific learning styles and societal goals. Four types of publicly funded choice schools are magnet, charter, alternative, and virtual schools. While each was established to serve a specific societal goal, their purposes have shifted over time and have produced varied student outcomes, both academic and non-academic.
  • 551
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Public Sector Downsizing and Public Sector Performance
Performance measurement as a social structure considers that institutional rules arise from the interaction of individual reactions. The capability of a country’s public sector to provide high-quality goods and services cost-effectively is crucial to foster long-term growth. Governments attempt to identify the most effective production processes to increase efficiency, effectiveness, and performance. On the other hand, performance can be considered a combination of effectiveness and efficiency in the public and private sectors. Public sector performance is considered through its indicators at the international level across countries. A public sector’s goods and services can be efficient in volume and quality, with good corporate performance.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Mar 2022
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