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Topic Review
Obiter Dictum
Obiter dictum (usually used in the plural, obiter dicta) is Latin phrase meaning "by the way", that is, a remark in a judgment that is "said in passing". It is a concept derived from English common law, whereby a judgment comprises only two elements: ratio decidendi and obiter dicta. For the purposes of judicial precedent, ratio decidendi is binding, whereas obiter dicta are persuasive only.
  • 2.9K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Objective Self-awareness
Objective self-awareness is attention focused on the self as a socially evaluable object, as defined by Shelley Duval, Robert Wicklund, and other contemporary social psychologists. Since the original debut of Duval and Wicklund's self-awareness theory in 1972, many experimental psychologists have refined theory and ideas concerning the causes and consequences of self-focused attention. Self-focused attention or self-awareness as often discussed in the context of social psychology refers to situational self-awareness, as opposed to dispositional self-focus. Dispositional self-focus more accurately relates to the construct of self-consciousness, which allows psychologists to measure individual differences in the tendency to think about and attend to the self.
  • 791
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Objectivism (Ayn Rand)
Objectivism is a philosophical system developed by Russian-American writer Ayn Rand. Rand first expressed Objectivism in her fiction, most notably The Fountainhead (1943) and Atlas Shrugged (1957), and later in non-fiction essays and books. Leonard Peikoff, a professional philosopher and Rand's designated intellectual heir, later gave it a more formal structure. Rand described Objectivism as "the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute". Peikoff characterizes Objectivism as a "closed system" insofar as its "fundamental principles" were set out by Rand and are not subject to change. However, he stated that "new implications, applications and integrations can always be discovered". Objectivism's main tenets are that reality exists independently of consciousness, that human beings have direct contact with reality through sense perception (see direct and indirect realism), that one can attain objective knowledge from perception through the process of concept formation and inductive logic, that the proper moral purpose of one's life is the pursuit of one's own happiness (see rational egoism), that the only social system consistent with this morality is one that displays full respect for individual rights embodied in laissez-faire capitalism, and that the role of art in human life is to transform humans' metaphysical ideas by selective reproduction of reality into a physical form—a work of art—that one can comprehend and to which one can respond emotionally. Academic philosophers have mostly ignored or rejected Rand's philosophy. Nonetheless, Objectivism has been a significant influence among libertarians and American conservatives. The Objectivist movement, which Rand founded, attempts to spread her ideas to the public and in academic settings.
  • 707
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Objectivism and Libertarianism
Ayn Rand's philosophy of Objectivism has been and continues to be a major influence on the libertarian movement, particularly in the United States. Many libertarians justify their political views using aspects of Objectivism. However, the views of Rand and her philosophy among prominent libertarians are mixed and many Objectivists are hostile to libertarians in general.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Objectivity
In philosophy, objectivity is the concept of truth independent from individual subjectivity (bias caused by one's perception, emotions, or imagination). A proposition is considered to have objective truth when its truth conditions are met without bias caused by the mind of a sentient being. Scientific objectivity refers to the ability to judge without partiality or external influence. Objectivity in the moral framework calls for moral codes to be assessed based on the well-being of the people in the society that follow it. Moral objectivity also calls for moral codes to be compared to one another through a set of universal facts and not through subjectivity.
  • 1.9K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Social Media
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder where people experience intrusive thoughts and must practice rituals to relieve their discomfort. More specifically, it would be better to refer to them as obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders characterized by continuous mental or behavioral activity that fills most of the people’s time, with the aim of neutralizing invasive mental content. All these activities are always “ego-dystonic”, that is, they are repugnant or inconsistent with the person’s values.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Obstacles for the Current IIAs in Addressing Climate Change
Global climate change has become a major concern today, and it has been described by the G20 as “one of our greatest challenges”. Climate change is characterized by externality and has a global, long-term, and intergenerational impact. To prevent climate change deterioration, the 21st United Nations Climate Change Conference adopted the Paris Agreement, which promotes climate finance and mitigates climate change worldwide. At the international law level, since Germany and Pakistan signed the first bilateral investment treaty (BIT) in 1959, international investment agreements (IIAs) have emerged as one of the most significant sources of international legal protection and promotion of foreign investments.
  • 267
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Occupant Behaviours in Energy Efficiency Retrofitting Research
Energy Efficiency Retrofitting (EER) is a key factor in sustainability regeneration. The various energy consumptions of occupants are based on demographic characteristics, lifestyles, limitations, different levels of comfort perception, attitude and awareness towards EE and socio-economic factors. These factors are effective in emerging different energy-related behaviours of occupants including heating behaviour, movements of the occupants, control of the systems, and window and lighting control behaviour. In order to change the attitudes of occupants towards EE, improve occupants’ behaviours and increase their participation in EER, behavioural changes, socio-technical advancements, co-design process engagement, and energy efficiency policy are suggested strategies.
  • 639
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Occupational Injury
An occupational injury is bodily damage resulting from working. The most common organs involved are the spine, hands, the head, lungs, eyes, skeleton, and skin. Occupational injuries can result from exposure to occupational hazards (physical, chemical, biological, or psychosocial), such as temperature, noise, insect or animal bites, blood-borne pathogens, aerosols, hazardous chemicals, radiation, and occupational burnout. While many prevention methods are set in place, injuries may still occur due to poor ergonomics, manual handling of heavy loads, misuse or failure of equipment, exposure to general hazards, and inadequate safety training.
  • 613
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Occupational Safety among Women Engineers
A company must motivate its employees through various methods to foster a safe and healthy Work Environment (WEN). To ensure these safety requirements, Occupational Safety (OCS) programs are the most helpful when it comes to making a secure and healthy workplace where safety is the main priority. The OCS system includes Occupational and Nonoccupational Safety management, which benefits individuals, organizations and employee motivation, which ultimately enhances positive outcomes. Against this background, construction industries are significant in that workers often experience the risk of death when carrying out their duties.
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  • 25 Jun 2023
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