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Topic Review
Influencing Factors on Ice–Snow Tourists’ Willingness
Ice–snow tourism refers to tourism that uses ice and snow natural resources generated by a region’s cold weather to attract tourists to seasonal cultural activities related to winter. It is categorized as ecotourism and involves a wide range of activities. Ice–snow tourism has a unique charm; it alters the landscape seasonally, calms the mood, facilitates solitude, promotes physical health, and so on. It is developed in ice–snow destinations. 
  • 311
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Informal Learning
Informal learning is characterized “by a low degree of planning and organizing in terms of the learning context, learning support, learning time, and learning objectives”. It differs from formal learning, non-formal learning, and self-regulated learning, because it has no set objective in terms of learning outcomes, but an intent to act from the learner’s standpoint (e.g., to solve a problem). Typical mechanisms of informal learning include trial and error or learning-by-doing, modeling, feedback, and reflection. For learners this includes heuristic language building, socialization, enculturation, and play. Informal learning is a pervasive ongoing phenomenon of learning via participation or learning via knowledge creation, in contrast with the traditional view of teacher-centered learning via knowledge acquisition. Estimates suggest that about 70-90 percent of adult learning takes place informally and outside educational institutions. The term is often conflated, however, with non-formal learning, and self-directed learning. It is widely used in the context of corporate training and education in relation to return on investment (ROI), or return on learning (ROL). It is also widely used when referring to science education, in relation to citizen science, or informal science education. The conflated meaning of informal and non-formal learning explicates mechanisms of learning that organically occur outside the realm of traditional instructor-led programs, e.g., reading self-selected books, participating in self-study programs, navigating performance support materials and systems, incidental skills practice, receptivity of coaching or mentoring, seeking advice from peers, or participation in communities of practice, to name a few. Informal learning is common in communities where individuals have opportunities to observe and participate in social activities. Advantages of informal learning cited include flexibility and adaptation to learning needs, direct transfer of learning into practice, and rapid resolution of (work-related) problems. For improving employees' performance, task execution is considered the most important source of learning.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Informal Social Support on China Older Health
Population aging is an inevitable global trend. The United Nations stipulates that the countries and regions where more than 10% of the population is over 60 years old will become aging societies. In China, the population aged 60 and higher was 253.88 million in 2019, accounting for 18.1% of China’s total population (National Bureau of Statistics 2020), which far exceeds the international standards of aging. Furthermore, the proportion of the older population is still rising.
  • 382
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Information and Communication Technologies in Times of COVID-19
People with mental health problems have considerably suffered during the pandemic because, for many of them, accessing different information resources through telematic means proved to be a great difficulty in their everyday lives.
  • 470
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Information and Communication Technology Capital Services
The development of information and communication technology (ICT) has promoted the modernization and transformation of industrial development. It has driven the development of big data, artificial intelligence, the Internet, Internet of Things, cloud computing and other modern new industries to inject new vitality into economic growth, and has become an important support for high-quality economic development.
  • 338
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Information Asymmetry Mitigators
The research aims to identify indicators of representative information on sustainability from the cooperative organizations’ primary stakeholders’ perspective to mitigate information asymmetry. The study develops in seven stages: the primary stakeholders’ selection and training; the evidence survey; the triangulation between stakeholder responses, forming an indicators list; the indicators analysis by specialists; tests for indicators disclosure; and the indicators validation through the disclosure analysis. As a result, a list contains 61 sustainability indicators from the primary stakeholders’ perspective, in four pillars: economic, 20; social, 18; environmental, 13; and cultural, 10. With the cooperative organizations’ websites disclosure analysis, we found that the disclosure policies focus more on information asymmetry mitigating in the pillars: cultural and social, with the environmental and economic being neglected. Therefore, the procedures for disclosing information on sustainability have weaknesses. These policies reduce the primary stakeholders’ reliability about the cooperatives management system respective, limiting the primary stakeholders’ perspective on the cooperative organization value. 
  • 413
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Information Deficit Model
In studies of the public understanding of science, the information deficit model (or simply deficit model) or science literacy/knowledge deficit model attributes public scepticism or hostility to science and technology to a lack of understanding, resulting from a lack of information. It is associated with a division between experts who have the information and non-experts who do not. The model implies that communication should focus on improving the transfer of information from experts to non-experts.
  • 2.6K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Information Enabled Care
Information enabled care are the evidenced-based actions and behaviours required by healthcare providers when encountering and using health and social care technologies. Over the last twenty years, the implementation of digital healthcare technologies and  the way people access  care and interact with healthcare systems has changed significantly. Digital innovations are transforming the delivery of health and social care for all stakeholders. Technological hardware such as robotics and wearables, and software such as mobile applications, electronic medical and health records; with new healthcare models including remote monitoring, patient portals, telecare, health and medicine visits are now commonplace within healthcare environments and communities. Having evidence-based quality and safety standards and guidelines, with embedded user outcomes as information enable care provision is essential. However, these frameworks need to be flexible enough not to stifle innovation, and robust enough to ensure that technology is not used for the sake of itself. Healthcare conversations must begin with ‘what matters to you’ rather than ‘wow, look at this new gadget that we want you to use’. Health and social care must be framed by rigorous data analysis and critical appraisal. Building upon Carey Mather's previous encyclopaedia topic, Digital Professionalism, this entry continues the theme of defining and contextualising the National Nursing and Midwifery Digital Health Capability Framework, specifically the domain of Information Enabled Care.
  • 830
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Information Overload during the COVID-19
Research has revealed that people whose primary source of COVID-19 information was social media experienced information overload (IO), which subsequently impacted their information behaviors. By definition, IO is “a physical and psychological distress that from human’s physical adaptive systems and decision-making process”.
  • 584
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Information Technology Rules, 2021
The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 is secondary or subordinate legislation that suppresses India 's Intermediary Guidelines Rules 2011. The 2021 rules have stemmed from section 87 of the Information Technology Act, 2000 and are a combination of the draft Intermediaries Rules, 2018 and the OTT Regulation and Code of Ethics for Digital Media. The Central Government of India along with the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB) have coordinated in the development of the rules. Intermediaries had until 25 May 2021 to comply with the rules.
  • 733
  • 10 Oct 2022
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