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Topic Review
Revisiting the Concept of Values Taught in Education
Schools and universities are not only places to learn subject knowledge, but also places to help students develop their values. Despite this explicit need for cultivating students’ values, what values should be taught is always a common question among educators.
  • 395
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Revenge
Revenge is defined as the act of committing a harmful action against a person or group in response to a grievance, be it real or perceived. Francis Bacon described revenge as a kind of "wild justice" that "does... offend the law [and] putteth the law out of office." Primitive justice or retributive justice is often differentiated from more formal and refined forms of justice such as distributive justice and divine judgment.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Restraining Order
A restraining order or protective order is an order used by a court to protect a person, business, company, establishment, or entity, and the general public, in a situation involving alleged domestic violence, harassment, stalking, or sexual assault. In the United States , every state has some form of domestic violence restraining order law, and many states also have specific restraining order laws for stalking and sexual assault. Restraining and personal protection order laws vary from one jurisdiction to another but all establish who can file for an order, what protection or relief a person can get from such an order, and how the order will be enforced. The court will order the adverse party to refrain from certain actions or require compliance with certain provisions. Failure to comply is a violation of the order which can result in the arrest and prosecution of the offender. Violations in some jurisdictions may also constitute criminal or civil contempt of court.
  • 746
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Restorative Justice and Restorative Practices at School
The use of restorative justice (RJ) and restorative practices (RP) in schools has grown rapidly. RP can improve the school climate, discipline, positive conflict management through actions that aim at preventing suspensions, exclusions, conflicts, and misbehaviours (e.g., bullying). RJ practices promote positive relationships between peers and between students and teachers, as well as to prosocial behaviours through the development of social and emotional skills. 
  • 534
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Responsive Teaching of Expert Elementary Mathematics Teachers
Effective mathematics instruction involves teachers engaging with and taking up student ideas and then deciding how to respond in ways that develop that thinking. There are various constructs used by mathematics educators to refer to teaching that centers student thinking, including cognitively guided instruction, formative assessment focused on disciplinary thinking, professional noticing of children’s mathematical thinking, and responsive teaching.
  • 330
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Responsible Research Assessment and Research Information Management Systems
In the context of open science, universities, research-performing and funding organizations and authorities worldwide are moving towards more responsible research assessment (RRA). In 2022, the European Coalition for Advancing Research Assessment (CoARA) published an agreement with ten commitments, including the recognition of the “diversity of contributions to, and careers in, research”, the “focus on qualitative evaluation for which peer review is central, supported by responsible use of quantitative indicators”, and the “abandon (of) inappropriate uses in research assessment of journal- and publication-based metrics”. Research assessment (RA) is essential for research of the highest quality. The transformation of assessment indicators and procedures directly affects the underlying research information management infrastructures (also called current research information systems) which collect and store metadata on research activities and outputs. This entry investigates the impact of RRA on these systems, on their development and implementation, their data model and governance, including digital ethics.
  • 439
  • 30 May 2024
Topic Review
Responsible Investment in Agriculture Principles and Food Systems
The Principles for Responsible Investment in Agriculture and Food Systems (CFS-RAI) are shown as suitable instruments to contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in rural areas. Local Action Groups (LAGs) have proven to be effective governance structures for the implementation and management of rural development projects based on participation and collective action. 
  • 549
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Response to Intervention
In education, response to intervention (commonly abbreviated RTI or RtI) is an approach to academic intervention used in the United States to provide early, systematic, and appropriately intensive assistance to children who are at risk for or already underperforming as compared to appropriate grade- or age-level standards. RTI seeks to promote academic success through universal screening, early intervention, frequent progress monitoring, and increasingly intensive research-based instruction or interventions for children who continue to have difficulty. RTI is a multileveled approach for aiding students that is adjusted and modified as needed if they are failing. In terms of identifying students with specific learning disabilities (SLD), RTI was proposed as an alternative to the ability–achievement discrepancy model, which requires children to exhibit a significant discrepancy between their ability (often measured by IQ testing) and academic achievement (as measured by their grades and standardized testing). Methods to identify students with SLD have been controversial for decades and proponents of RTI claim that the process brings more clarity to the Specific Learning Disability (SLD) category of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA 2004), while opponents claim that RTI simply identifies low achieving students rather than students with learning disabilities.
  • 784
  • 20 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Resource Monotonicity
Resource monotonicity (RM; aka aggregate monotonicity) is a principle of fair division. It says that, if there are more resources to share, then all agents should be weakly better off; no agent should lose from the increase in resources. The RM principle has been studied in various division problems.
  • 382
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Resource Curse
This phenomenon, which hinders economic growth due to excessive dependence on natural resources, is called “resource curse”.  The resource curse not only brings negative effects on the speed of economic growth, but also causes a series of ecological and social welfare problems, such as environmental pollution and income inequality, which runs counter to the goal of high-quality economic development. 
  • 562
  • 26 May 2021
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