Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Doctoral Supervision: A Best Practice Review
A “doctoral student” is the term for a student undertaking the highest level of university degree (a doctorate). “Supervisor” is the term for the academic, or academics, who act as their guide. Unlike taught classroom-based degree courses, doctoral degrees in the UK are normally only, or mainly, focused upon a single intensive research study into a specific topic. Such degree courses facilitate the development of students into highly specialist autonomous researchers capable of independent thought. Typically, a blend of support is provided to each doctoral student which consists of an elective development program of research methods learning opportunities alongside dedicated supervisor support from one or more academic members of staff called “supervisors”. It is the expectation that each supervisor will act as a guide and mentor for the doctoral student, thereby enabling them to successfully complete their program of research. This entry relates primarily to the UK model of supervising a doctoral student. Doctoral programs in other countries may differ.
  • 848
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Land Use and Global Environmental Change
Global environmental changes are multifactorial and affected by multiple forms of land use. Land use is closely linked to the global dynamics of the urbanization process, especially in recent decades in which the world has gone through intense migratory processes moving from rural to the urban setting. The dynamics that involve the urbanization process have multiple aspects and presuppose multiple ways of using the land and their linking to the economic aspect.
  • 617
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Tax in Taiwan
By 2020, there were 30 countries that had already implemented or were scheduled to implement a carbon tax, including South Africa and Singapore, both of which began to implement their carbon tax in 2019. At the end of 2019, the European Union (EU) adopted the European Green Deal. The EU aims to achieve a legally binding target of net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 through the adoption of the European Climate Law. The EU is also introducing the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) to prevent carbon leakage from other countries into the EU and encourage carbon taxation in other countries. The research retrospectively analyzed the structural path dependence and other difficulties that were faced during Taiwan’s attempted transitions toward a low-carbon economy. In combination with the common issues among developmental states, the technocratic decision-making in East Asia and the high-carbon industries have shaped the carbon lock-in effect to a certain degree. Additionally, the case of Taiwan illustrates how long-term low energy prices and wages are structured. Our study analysis showed that a brown economy reinforces the carbon lock-in effect and delays low-carbon transitions, resulting in the stagnation of attempts for sustainable economic transformation. Unless major external forces that are sufficient to break the deadlock are introduced, genuine low-carbon reforms seem unlikely.
  • 516
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Environmentalization and Waldorf Education: Dialogues and Practices
Owing to concerns regarding degradation and exploitation of nature, different Environmental Education initiatives have been developed over the years with and in the context of basic education, aiming to help confront the environmental crisis. Based on this scenario, this study aimed to understand the environmentalization process of a Brazilian Waldorf school in dialogue with Steiner principles, as well as an analysis of the concepts and practices linked to the socio-environmental issue.
  • 666
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Dangers of Travel—Banditry on the Roads
Since the dawn of time, one of the main barriers to travel has been the fear of leaving one’s place of residence and travelling into a foreign unknown and dangerous space. However, at the same time, firmly rooted in human nature is the desire to know and experience travel, this archetypal inner need is the motive for undertaking travel. In the past, in ancient times, it was difficult to travel safely, not always succeeding in avoiding dangerous areas and being among the friendly inhabitants of distant countries. In modern times, too, travel is dangerous and no traveler can have the comfort of carefree travel until the end.
  • 638
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Factors That Affect Secondary School Mathematics Achievement in Indonesia
Students’ achievement is defined by the extent to which predetermined learning goals are obtained, and it is usually measured through test scores and ongoing assessments.
  • 549
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Trade Growth under Preferential Trade Agreements
The EU is the world’s leading trade power and plays a leading role in international trade negotiations. Almost all trade negotiations between EU and developing countries aim at liberalizing all trade products (from agriculture to manufactured products) and services to increase the revenues of exporting countries, offer consumers in the importing countries a wider choice of goods and services at lower prices (because of increased competition), and then allow all countries to produce and export the goods and services with which they are best placed to compete. The Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) is essentially a free trade area and is expected to stimulate more production, thereby increasing exports to the EU market. From theory, it is known that each country fully specializes in the production of the good in which it has a “comparative” cost advantage in production and, therefore, trades other goods with the other country, generating gains from trade. Thus, specialization and trade translate into an increase in total production and a reduction in costs.
  • 459
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Adolescents Born through Assisted Reproduction
Assisted reproduction techniques (ARTs) are employed by single individuals and couples who are not otherwise able to conceive spontaneously. The use of ARTs is increasing, research is lacking on the attempts made by adolescent offspring conceived via ARTs to integrate their ART conception into their identity and negotiate a connection with, and autonomy from, their parents.
  • 406
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Effectiveness of Distance Education in Pandemic Age
In response to the limitations and restrictions put in place to stop the global epidemic caused by COVID-19, the adoption of distance education modalities became required for the first time in the history of the global school system. Online learning, which is the process of acquiring a degree using online platforms that provide online courses rather than attending in-person lectures, is not a new concept in education. Although it can still be a little-known method for both teachers and students, distance learning is a sort of training that entails online learning while being supervised by a classroom teacher. In order to enhance learning and involvement across the board, it is crucial to prepare children for interactions and emotion regulation.
  • 602
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cultural Construction: A Fundamental Principle of Anthropology
A cultural construction can be defined as a set of ideas that shape the perception and understanding of a situation in a particular way, within a specific space-time context. The concept of cultural construction aims to describe a situation as a process and to make clear that this situation can be seen differently by each culture. Almost everything that has not been created by nature but by societies is a cultural construct (for example law, marriage, fashion, guilt, sex, etc.). This term was firstly presented in the European literature by Prof. Alexandros Argyriadis in 2014, in order to enrich the term "social construct". The significance of this term focuses mainly on the fact that it explains that every population group that perceives specific characteristics which might differ from the majority is not superior or inferior to another, but simply different.  It is important to note that the difference between social and cultural construction lies mainly in the fact that the cultural approach examines phenomena and processes always in their historical depth. Furthermore, it studies the deeper structures that lead to the emergence of a phenomenon considering that culture is the unconscious determinant of behaviors. At the same time, it focuses on art, experiences and everyday life, examining them as processes.
  • 9.5K
  • 17 Dec 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 285
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback