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Topic Review
Tree and Heat Island Effect
Pavements occupy about 40% of urban land cover, with 75–80% black top roads, playing a critical role in urban connectivity and mobility. Solar energy is absorbed and stored in pavements leading to an increase in surface temperatures. Decreasing green cover is further contributing to rise in regional temperatures. Due to this activity, the city experiences urban heat island (UHI). This entry presents a critical review of the literature on mitigation measures to combat UHI using reflective pavements with an emphasis on durability properties and impacts of tree canopy.
  • 643
  • 16 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Public Parks
Public parks are a part of the public spaces of a city. Cities are rediscovering the potential of urban parks to advance environmental sustainability and enhance its social amenities.
  • 3.7K
  • 16 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Physical Activity
Physical activity (PA) refers to any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. Participation in regular and adequate levels of PA is an essential contributor to good health, maintenance of healthy weight, and management of risk factors of chronic diseases.
  • 780
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Impact of COVID-19 on Young People's Mental Health
There is increasing evidence of the psychological impact of COVID-19 on various population groups, with concern particularly focused on young people’s mental health. Yet to date little research has explored the views of young people themselves on the impact of living through the pandemic on their mental health. Young people's discussions on social media have highlighted the complexities of this impact and how socially embedded it has been. Forging appropriate support for young people post-pandemic will necessitate looking beyond an individualised conceptualisation of their mental health that sets this apart from broader societal concerns. Instead, both research and practice need to take a systemic approach, recognising young people’s societal belonging and social contexts.
  • 720
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates
COVID-19 vaccines are indispensable, with the number of cases and mortality still rising, and currently no medicines are routinely available for reducing morbidity and mortality, apart from dexamethasone, although others are being trialed and launched. 
  • 572
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cognitive Control in Young and Older Adults
The dual mechanisms of control framework (DMC) proposes two modes of cognitive control: proactive and reactive control. The proactive control mode is an early selection process that actively maintains task context over time to minimize interference whereas the reactive control mode is a late correction process that serves to resolve interference, at the time of its occurrence. Young adults primarily use a more proactive control mode, but older adults tend to use a more reactive control.  
  • 521
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Integration of Environmental Justice and Sustainability in Practice
The environmental justice (EJ) movement has been a key factor in the United States’ struggle to provide a healthy environment for all to thrive. The origins of the movement date as far back as the 1960’s, led primarily by people of color and low economic status communities living in America’s most polluted environments. More recently, the just sustainability movement calls for the inclusion of EJ considerations, including social justice, equity, and human rights, into sustainability science and initiatives.
  • 827
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Towards Circular Economy for More Sustainable Apparel Consumption
The apparel industry causes environmental problems, particularly due to the shortening life cycle of garments and fast-fashion’s throw-away culture. The circular economy provides solutions to minimise and prevent these problems through innovative circular business models, which require changes in consumer behaviours. With the lens of environmental psychology, we analyse consumers’ willingness to acquire circular apparel considering four approaches on clothing life-cycle extension. We conducted an online questionnaire among Brazilian and Dutch consumers and tested if the Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) theory can explain the willingness of consumers to purchase circular apparel. Our results indicate that, overall, the variables from the VBN theory explain circular behaviour in the apparel industry and that the paths suggested by the model are supported by our analyses. Additionally, we tested and found that when all of the variables from the VBN theory were controlled for, materialistic values did not explain circular behaviours in the apparel industry among Brazilian respondents. However, they had a positive influence on some circular apparel behaviours among Dutch consumers. Overall, materialistic values did not play an important role in predicting willingness to consume circular clothing. Furthermore, the results suggest that the VBN theory predicts willingness to consume circular apparel better in the Netherlands compared to Brazil, suggesting that this behaviour may be perceived as more effortful for the Brazilian population. However, we highlight the need for future research.
  • 611
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pro-Poor Innovations to Promote Instrumental Freedoms
There is a positive influence of the innovation concepts for distinct types of freedom (political freedoms, economic facilities, transparency guarantees, social opportunities, and protective security), with emphasis on the expansion of social opportunities and economic facilities.
  • 392
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Health-Related Crises in Tourism Destination Management
Tourism is one of the world’s largest and most revenue-generating industries, being an essential tool for economic growth in most developing countries, yet highly vulnerable to disruptive events such as crises and disasters. Between 2000 - 2020, the tourism industry has witnessed a range of health-related crises, with the outbreak of COVID-19 bringing the industry to a standstill. 
  • 780
  • 12 Jan 2022
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