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Topic Review
Mass Media
Mass media refers to a diverse range of communication channels that transmit information and entertainment content to a large audience. This encompasses traditional mediums such as newspapers, television, and radio, as well as modern digital platforms like the internet and social media. Mass media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion, disseminating news, and influencing societal norms on a global scale.
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  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Modernity
Modernity is a complex socio-cultural and historical concept that signifies a departure from traditional ways of life towards contemporary, industrialized societies characterized by technological advancements, urbanization, and changing social structures. Emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, modernity encompasses a broad spectrum of transformations, including shifts in economic systems, political ideologies, and cultural expressions, shaping the modern world as we know it today.
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Topic Review
Justice
Justice is a foundational concept in moral and ethical philosophy that revolves around the fair and impartial treatment of individuals within a society. It encompasses the distribution of rewards and punishments based on merit and adherence to established laws, fostering a sense of equity and societal order. The pursuit of justice is often guided by principles such as equality, impartiality, and the protection of individual rights, serving as a fundamental pillar in the construction of a just and harmonious social framework.
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Topic Review
Institution
In the realm of social sciences, an institution refers to a formal and enduring structure or mechanism within a society that organizes, regulates, and shapes various aspects of human behavior, interactions, and activities. Institutions can encompass a broad spectrum, including legal systems, educational establishments, economic frameworks, and cultural norms, serving as fundamental pillars that contribute to the stability and functioning of a society.
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Topic Review
Industrialization
Industrialization is the process of transforming an economy from primarily agrarian and manual labor-based into one dominated by manufacturing and industry. It involves the widespread adoption of mechanized production methods, the establishment of factories, and the utilization of advanced technologies to increase productivity. This societal shift, historically associated with the 18th and 19th centuries, has profound implications for economic structures, labor markets, and overall societal development.
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Topic Review
Ideology
Ideology is a comprehensive and integrated system of beliefs, values, and ideas that shape individuals' perceptions of the world, guide their understanding of social and political issues, and influence their behavior. It serves as a framework for interpreting reality, often providing a cohesive narrative that informs individuals' views on topics such as politics, morality, and social relations. Ideologies can range from political doctrines to religious frameworks, playing a crucial role in shaping societal norms and individual identities.
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Topic Review
Secularization
Secularization is a complex sociological concept that denotes the diminishing influence and significance of religious beliefs and institutions in various aspects of society, such as politics, education, and culture. It involves the gradual shift away from a society where religious values and institutions play a central role in shaping public life to one where secular or non-religious principles increasingly guide social norms and institutions. This process is often characterized by the declining importance of religious authority, rituals, and practices in the face of the rise of secular ideologies and institutions.
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Topic Review
Commodity Fetishism
Commodity fetishism is a concept introduced by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy, particularly in his seminal work "Capital, Volume I." The term is used to describe a phenomenon where the social relationships among people are obscured and displaced by the relationships between commodities and the value they represent in a capitalist society. In a capitalist system, commodities are goods or services produced for exchange in the market. Marx argued that the social relations involved in the production and exchange of commodities become mystified, and the commodities themselves take on a quasi-magical quality. This fetishism arises when people attribute inherent value or power to commodities, seeing them as possessing qualities independent of the social relations that produced them.
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Topic Review
Crime
Crime is a multifaceted and complex concept that generally refers to an act or the commission of an act that is forbidden or the omission of a duty that is commanded by a public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law. It is essentially a breach of societal norms and regulations that are established to maintain order, protect individuals and property, and uphold the general well-being of a community.
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  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Authority
Authority refers to the legitimate power or right to give commands, make decisions, and enforce obedience. It is a social, organizational, or governmental structure that establishes individuals or institutions as having the rightful power to lead, guide, or govern others. Authority is an essential aspect of social order, as it helps maintain stability and facilitates the functioning of institutions, organizations, and societies.
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