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Topic Review
Nutraceuticals for Peripheral Vestibular Pathology
The term “nutraceuticals” is the object of continuous debate, and to date they are described as “a food or part of a food, such as a dietary supplement, that has a medical or health benefit, including the prevention and treatment of disease”.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Tinnitus
Tinnitus is traditionally described as the perception of a sound in the absence of corresponding external stimuli. In a very recent consensus article, a more precise definition of tinnitus has been proposed: Tinnitus was defined as “the conscious awareness of a tonal and/or noise sound for which there is no identifiable corresponding external acoustic source” and tinnitus disorder was defined as “tinnitus plus tinnitus-associated emotional distress and functional disability”.
  • 721
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Ethics Principles of Translational Audiology
The idea behind translational research in audiology is to improve the quality of medical care for patients with hearing impairment. Although lofty and deserving of the highest recognition, this idea should never be implemented at an individual’s expense in the research procedure. The inalienable dignity of the human being requires researchers and physicians to act for the benefit of the subject, limit the harm, maximize the benefits, and respect the autonomous decisions of the subject. What may serve as signposts indicating the ethical way of conducting translational research in audiology and taking care of patients with hearing impairment are the principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice.
  • 669
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Electrocochleography in Auditory Neuropathy
Auditory Neuropathy (AN) is characterized by disruption of temporal coding of acoustic signals in auditory nerve fibers resulting in alterations of auditory perceptions. Mutations in several genes have been associated to the most forms of AN. Underlying mechanisms include both pre-synaptic and post-synaptic damage involving inner hair cell (IHC) depolarization, neurotransmitter release, spike initiation in auditory nerve terminals, loss of auditory fibers and impaired conduction. In contrast, outer hair cell (OHC) activities (otoacoustic emissions [OAEs] and cochlear microphonic [CM]) are normal. Disordered synchrony of auditory nerve activity has been suggested as the basis of both the alterations of auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and reduction of speech perception. Authors will review how electrocochleography (ECochG) recordings provide detailed information to help objectively define the sites of auditory neural dysfunction and their effect on receptor summating potential (SP) and neural compound action potential (CAP), the latter reflecting disorders of ribbon synapses and auditory nerve fibers.
  • 511
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Flavonoid Intake and Chronic Sensory Conditions
Dietary flavonoids have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vascular health benefits, which align with the proposed pathophysiology of age-related eye conditions and hearing problems (hearing loss and tinnitus). The flavonoid subclass, flavonols, are protective against eye conditions, including age-related macular degeneration, cataract, and glaucoma. Dietary flavonol intake appears to be protective against some chronic eye conditions. 
  • 458
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Pathogenic Mechanisms of Auditory Neuropathy
Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) refers to a range of hearing impairments characterized by an impaired transmission of sound from the cochlea to the brain. This defect can be due to a lesion or defect in the inner hair cell (IHC), IHC ribbon synapse (e.g., pre-synaptic release of glutamate), postsynaptic terminals of the spiral ganglion neurons, or demyelination and axonal loss within the auditory nerve. The only clinical treatment options for ANSD are hearing aids and cochlear implantation. However, despite the advances in hearing-aid and cochlear-implant technologies, the quality of perceived sound still cannot match that of the normal ear.
  • 439
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Cartilage Conduction Hearing Aids
A relatively loud sound is audible when a vibrator is attached to the aural cartilage. This form of conduction is referred to as cartilage conduction (CC). In Japan, a new type of hearing aid has been developed using CC and has been available in clinical practice since 2017. A clinical study conducted prior to its launch demonstrated its benefits, particularly in patients with aural atresia who were unable to use air conduction hearing aids.
  • 437
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Appropriate Vestibular Stimulation in Children and Adolescents
The structural development of the vestibular part of the inner ear is completed by birth but its central connections continue to develop until adolescence. Their development is dependent on vestibular stimulation—vestibular experience. Studies have shown that vestibular function, modulated by experience and epigenetic factors, is not solely an instrument for body position regulation, navigation, and stabilization of the head and images but also influences cognition, emotion, the autonomous nervous system and hormones. 
  • 397
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Autosomal Dominant Non-Syndromic Hearing Loss
Autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss (HL) typically occurs when only one dominant allele within the disease gene is sufficient to express the phenotype. Therefore, most patients diagnosed with autosomal dominant non-syndromic HL have a hearing-impaired parent, although de novo mutations should be considered in all cases of negative family history. To date, more than 50 genes and 80 loci have been identified for autosomal dominant non-syndromic HL. DFNA22 (MYO6 gene), DFNA8/12 (TECTA gene), DFNA20/26 (ACTG1 gene), DFNA6/14/38 (WFS1 gene), DFNA15 (POU4F3 gene), DFNA2A (KCNQ4 gene), and DFNA10 (EYA4 gene) are some of the most common forms of autosomal dominant non-syndromic HL. The characteristics of autosomal dominant non-syndromic HL are heterogenous.
  • 378
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Aminoglycosides-Related Ototoxicity
Aminoglycosides are broad-spectrum antibiotics largely used in children, but they have potential toxic side effects, including ototoxicity. Ototoxicity from aminoglycosides is permanent and is a consequence of its action on the inner ear cells via multiple mechanisms.
  • 300
  • 05 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Metabolomics Analysis in Hearing Impairment
With more than 466 million people affected, hearing loss represents the most common sensory pathology worldwide. In this context, metabolomics emerges as a promising approach. Indeed, lying downstream from molecular biology’s central dogma, the metabolome reflects both genetic traits and environmental influences. Furthermore, its dynamic nature facilitates well-defined changes during disease states, making metabolomic analysis a unique lens into the mechanisms underpinning various hearing impairment forms.
  • 211
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Invasive Treatments of Laryngeal Dystonia
Laryngeal dystonia (LD), known or termed as spasmodic dysphonia, is a rare movement disorder with an unknown cause affecting the intrinsic laryngeal muscles. Neurophysiological studies point to perturbed inhibitory processes, while conventional genetic studies reveal fragments of genetic architecture in LD. 
  • 190
  • 22 Nov 2023
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