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Topic Review
Spermatocytic Tumor
Spermatocytic tumor (ST) is a very rare disease, accounting for approximately 1% of testicular cancers. Previously classified as spermatocytic seminoma, it is currently classified within the non-germ neoplasia in-situ-derived tumors and has different clinical-pathologic features when compared with other forms of germ cell tumors (GCTs). A web-based search of MEDLINE/PubMed library data was performed in order to identify pertinent articles. In the vast majority of cases, STs are diagnosed at stage I and carry a very good prognosis. The treatment of choice is orchiectomy alone. Nevertheless, there are two rare variants of STs having very aggressive behavior, namely anaplastic ST and ST with sarcomatous transformation, that are resistant to systemic treatments and their prognosis is very poor. 
  • 702
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Geriatric Assessment-Driven Interventions in Older Adults with Cancer
Comprehensive geriatric assessment is defined as a multi-dimensional, multi-disciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic process that is conducted to determine the medical, mental, and functional problems that older people with frailty have so that a coordinated and integrated plan for treatment and follow-up can be developed. Progress has been made in the definition of the best way to detect problems, but the benefits are mostly based on prognosis stratification and on the adaptation of cancer treatment.
  • 701
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Frailty in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main causes of cancer death in the elderly. The older patients constitute a heterogeneous group in terms of functional status, comorbidities, and aging-related conditions. Therefore, therapeutic decisions need to be individualized. Frailty is a complex, multidimensional, and cyclical state of decreased physiological reserve resulting in a reduced capacity for adaptation and adaptability and greater vulnerability to stressors. The adverse health outcomes associated with frailty are summarized in disability and functional dependence, cognitive deterioration, increased hospitalization and institutionalization, intolerance to chemotherapy, instability of comorbidities, social exclusion, and decreased survival.
  • 700
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Gene Analysis of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is a disease characterized by various clinical behaviors and biological characteristics. Breast cancer (BC) is heterogenous, showing variable morphologic and biological features; thus, it has different clinical behaviors and responses to treatment. Based on molecular and histological evidence, BC could be categorized into three groups: (1) BC expressing hormone receptor (estrogen receptor (ER+) or progesterone receptor (PR+)) commonly noted as luminal tumors and are responsive to endocrine therapy, (2) BC expressing human epidermal receptor 2 (HER2+) which is characterized by the overexpression of HER2 oncogene and is treated with trastuzumab, (3) Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) (ER−, PR−, HER2−) subtype, which is associated with high mortality rates and is not responsive to some drug treatment approaches.
  • 700
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Next-Generation Sequencing and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). The history of DNA and RNA sequencing methods has undergone a remarkable evolution in the last 15 years with the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques. These high-throughput methods have improved our knowledge of molecular biology by sequencing large genomes on a large scale. Although the term “next generation” suggests a homogeneous group of new generation methods, NGS techniques are characterized by continuous improvements and advancements.
  • 700
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
In Vitro Application of CRISPR
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) are widely used in cancer research to edit specific genes and study their functions. 
  • 700
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
KRAS Mutational Status
KRAS mutational heterogeneity between primary colorectal cancer and liver metastases may present a challenge in assessing prognostic information prior to the multimodal treatment. 
  • 699
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Gynecologic Tract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are particularly rare in all sites of the gynecological tract and include a variety of neoplasms with variable prognosis, dependent on histologic subtype and site of origin. Following the expert consensus proposal of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the approach in the latest World Health Organization (WHO) Classification System of the Female Genital Tumours is to use the same terminology for NENs at all body sites. The main concept of this novel classification framework is to align it to all other body sites and make a clear distinction between well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). The previous WHO Classification System of the Female Genital Tumours featured more or less the same principle, but used the terms ‘low-grade neuroendocrine tumor’ and ‘high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma’. Regardless of the terminology used, each of these two main categories include two distinct morphological subtypes: NETs are represented by typical and atypical carcinoid and NEC are represented by small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC). High-grade NECs, especially small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma tends to be more frequent in the uterine cervix, followed by the endometrium, while low-grade NETs usually occur in the ovary. NENs of the vulva, vagina and fallopian tube are exceptionally rare, with scattered case reports in the scientific literature.
  • 699
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Chemotherapy Resistant TNBC
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with high recurrence rates, high incidence of distant metastases, and poor overall survival (OS). Taxane and anthracycline-containing chemotherapy (CT) is currently the main systemic treatment option for TNBC, while platinum-based chemotherapy showed promising results in the neoadjuvant and metastatic settings. An early arising of intrinsic or acquired CT resistance is common and represents the main hurdle for successful TNBC treatment. Numerous mechanisms were uncovered that can lead to the development of chemoresistance. These include cancer stem cells (CSCs) induction after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, hypoxia and avoidance of apoptosis, single factors such as tyrosine kinase receptors (EGFR, IGFR1), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10), and a few pathological molecular pathways. Some biomarkers capable of predicting resistance to specific chemotherapeutic agents were identified and are expected to be validated in future studies for a more accurate selection of drugs to be employed and for a more tailored approach, both in neoadjuvant and advanced settings.
  • 699
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Testicular Germ-Cell Tumours (TGCT)
Testicular Germ Cell Tumors (TGCTs) are the second most common form of Germ Cell Tumour after benign ovarian teratomas. They are considered a “curable cancer” due to their exceptionally high survival rate of their patients: young caucasian men mostly. A better stratification of those patients would mean an improvement in their quality of life, which is currently diminished by the aggressiveness of prognostic treatments. The knowledge about the relation between TGCTs and the immune system could give keys to improve prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of this cancer.
  • 699
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Imaging Assessment of Interval Metastasis from Melanoma
Interval metastasis is a particular metastatic category of metastatic localizations in the lymph nodes in patients with melanoma. Interval nodes are generally located at nonregional lymphatic stations placed along the pathway of the spread of melanoma, such as the epitrochlear lymph node station, the popliteal fossa, and the retroareolar station. Imaging techniques for evaluation of patients with interval metastasis from melanoma diseases include ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), lymphoscintigraphy (LS), and positron emission tomography (PET).
  • 699
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Anticancer Potential of Copper Nanoformulations
Nanotechnology has ushered in a new era of medical innovation, offering unique solutions to longstanding healthcare challenges. Among nanomaterials, copper and copper oxide nanoparticles stand out as promising candidates for a multitude of medical applications.
  • 699
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Siglec-8 in Breast Cancer
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are involved in various immune cell-mediated diseases. Their role in cancer is poorly investigated, and research focusses on Siglec-expression on immune cells interacting with tumor cells. This study evaluates and provide first evidence for a role of Siglec-8 in breast cancer (BC).
  • 699
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Sarcopenia: A Possible Biomarker Relevant to ICI Response
Sarcopenia and changes in muscle mass during a certain treatment period have been evaluated as important prognosticators in cancer patients, while immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has become one of the major breakthroughs in advanced cancers. Therefore, sarcopenia appears to be an effective biomarker for predicting long-term oncologic outcomes in patients receiving ICI therapy and hence plays an important role when making treatment decisions.
  • 698
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells on Lymphoma Therapy
Lymphoma is a heterogeneous group of neoplasms including over 70 different subtypes. Its biological characteristic of deriving from lymphoid tissues makes it ideal for immunotherapy. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells therapy is one of the adoptive immunotherapy which eliminates cancer cells by transfusing immune cells that have been expanded and activated in vitro. CIK cells are heterogeneous in nature and composed of CD3+CD56- (T cells), CD3-CD56+ (NK cells), and CD3+CD56+ (NKT cells) cell populations. The CD3+CD56+ subset is considered as the major effector cells that exert potent anti-tumor cytotoxicity in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-unrestricted manner. From 1991 to 2020, there are nearly 20 clinical trials conducted for the treatment of lymphoma. Moreover, a number of pre-clinical approaches are being investigated to improve CIK cell therapy to enhance its anti-tumor activity.
  • 698
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Genomic Interplay between Neoneurogenesis and Neoangiogenesis in Carcinogenesis
Angiogenesis, the generation of new blood vessels, is one of the hallmarks of cancer. The growing tumor requires nutrients and oxygen. The evidence has shown that tumors release signals to attract new nerve fibers and stimulate the growth of new nerve fibers. Neurogenesis, neural extension, and axonogenesis assist in the migration of cancer cells. Cancer cells can use both blood vessels and nerve fibers as routes for cells to move along. In this way, neurogenesis and angiogenesis both contribute to cancer metastasis. As a result, tumor-induced neurogenesis joins angiogenesis and immunosuppression as aberrant processes that are exacerbated within the tumor microenvironment. The relationship between these processes contributes to cancer development and progression. The interplay between these systems is brought about by cytokines, neurotransmitters, and neuromodulators, which activate signaling pathways that are common to angiogenesis and the nervous tissue. These include the AKT signaling pathways, the MAPK pathway, and the Ras signaling pathway. These processes also both require the remodeling of tissues. The interplay of these processes in cancer provides the opportunity to develop novel therapies that can be used to target these processes.
  • 698
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
S-Nitrosylation in Tumor Microenvironment
S-nitrosylation is a selective and reversible post-translational modification of protein thiols by nitric oxide (NO), which is a bioactive signaling molecule, to exert a variety of effects. These effects include the modulation of protein conformation, activity, stability, and protein-protein interactions. S-nitrosylation plays a central role in propagating NO signals within a cell, tissue, and tissue microenvironment, as the nitrosyl moiety can rapidly be transferred from one protein to another upon contact. This modification has also been reported to confer either tumor-suppressing or tumor-promoting effects and is portrayed as a process involved in every stage of cancer progression. In particular, S-nitrosylation has recently been found as an essential regulator of the tumor microenvironment (TME), the environment around a tumor governing the disease pathogenesis. 
  • 697
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
NTRK in NSCLC
In the scenario of systemic treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, one of the most relevant breakthroughs is represented by targeted therapies. NTRK genes rearrangement is certainly one of the latest and attracting not only in NSCLC but also across different neoplasms. Even though this alteration is a rare finding and diagnostic methodologies are not standardized, recent studies higlighted a significant benefit on this population treated with NTRK inhibitors. 
  • 697
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Transduodenal Ampullectomy
Transduodenal ampullectomy (TDA) has lower peri-operative morbidity and mortality than PD and has been suggested as an alternative surgical treatment for ampullary adenoma and early AoV cancer.
  • 697
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Systemic Therapy Investigations for Bone Sarcomas
Bone sarcoma is a rare component of malignant solid tumors that accounts for only ~0.2% of malignancies. Bone sarcomas present various histological types, and genomic mutations differ markedly by the histological types. Although there are vast mutations in various bone sarcomas, most of them are non-actionable, and even potential targetable mutations that are actionable targets in other malignancies have not shown the appropriate responses in clinical trials for bone sarcomas. Investigations of new systemic therapy, including molecular targeted therapies for bone sarcomas, have thus not progressed like those for other solid tumors. Another problem is that high rates of pediatric/adolescent and young adult patients have bone sarcomas such as osteosarcoma, and patient recruitment for clinical trials (especially randomized trials) is challenging. For pediatric patients, evaluations of tolerability and appropriate dose modifications of new drugs are needed, as their findings could provide the threshold for investigating new drugs for bone sarcomas. 
  • 697
  • 14 Apr 2022
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