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Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment in Follicular Lymphoma
In the follicular lymphoma (FL) microenvironment, CXCR5+ICOS+PD1+BCL6+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which closely correlate with FL B cells in neoplastic follicles, play a major role in supporting FL. Interleukin-4 secreted by Tfh cells triggers the upregulation of the lymphocyte chemoattractant CXCL12 in stromal cell precursors, in particular by fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs). 
  • 693
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Geriatric Assessment-Driven Interventions in Older Adults with Cancer
Comprehensive geriatric assessment is defined as a multi-dimensional, multi-disciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic process that is conducted to determine the medical, mental, and functional problems that older people with frailty have so that a coordinated and integrated plan for treatment and follow-up can be developed. Progress has been made in the definition of the best way to detect problems, but the benefits are mostly based on prognosis stratification and on the adaptation of cancer treatment.
  • 693
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
In Vitro Application of CRISPR
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) are widely used in cancer research to edit specific genes and study their functions. 
  • 693
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Detection of Hypoxia in Cancer Models
The rapid proliferation of cancer cells combined with deficient vessels cause regions of nutrient and O2 deprivation in solid tumors. Some cancer cells can adapt to these extreme hypoxic conditions and persist to promote cancer progression. Intratumoral hypoxia has been consistently associated with a worse patient prognosis. In vitro, 3D models of spheroids or organoids can recapitulate spontaneous O2 gradients in solid tumors. Likewise, in vivo murine models of cancer reproduce the physiological levels of hypoxia that have been measured in human tumors. Given the potential clinical importance of hypoxia in cancer progression, there is an increasing need to design methods to measure O2 concentrations. O2 levels can be directly measured with needle-type probes, both optical and electrochemical. Alternatively, indirect, noninvasive approaches have been optimized, and include immunolabeling endogenous or exogenous markers. Fluorescent, phosphorescent, and luminescent reporters have also been employed experimentally to provide dynamic measurements of O2 in live cells or tumors. In medical imaging, modalities such as MRI and PET are often the method of choice. 
  • 692
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Oxidative-Stress-Sensitive microRNAs in UV-Promoted Development of Melanoma
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun is one of the most important modifiable risk factors for skin cancer. Melanoma is the most life-threatening type of skin cancer. UV-induced DNA damage and oxidative stress represent two main mechanisms that, directly and indirectly, contribute to melanomagenesis. 
  • 692
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
NTRK in NSCLC
In the scenario of systemic treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, one of the most relevant breakthroughs is represented by targeted therapies. NTRK genes rearrangement is certainly one of the latest and attracting not only in NSCLC but also across different neoplasms. Even though this alteration is a rare finding and diagnostic methodologies are not standardized, recent studies higlighted a significant benefit on this population treated with NTRK inhibitors. 
  • 691
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Gynecologic Tract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are particularly rare in all sites of the gynecological tract and include a variety of neoplasms with variable prognosis, dependent on histologic subtype and site of origin. Following the expert consensus proposal of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the approach in the latest World Health Organization (WHO) Classification System of the Female Genital Tumours is to use the same terminology for NENs at all body sites. The main concept of this novel classification framework is to align it to all other body sites and make a clear distinction between well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). The previous WHO Classification System of the Female Genital Tumours featured more or less the same principle, but used the terms ‘low-grade neuroendocrine tumor’ and ‘high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma’. Regardless of the terminology used, each of these two main categories include two distinct morphological subtypes: NETs are represented by typical and atypical carcinoid and NEC are represented by small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC). High-grade NECs, especially small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma tends to be more frequent in the uterine cervix, followed by the endometrium, while low-grade NETs usually occur in the ovary. NENs of the vulva, vagina and fallopian tube are exceptionally rare, with scattered case reports in the scientific literature.
  • 691
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Immune-Related Mutational Landscape for HNCs
Immunotherapy has emerged as a standard-of-care for most human malignancies, including head and neck cancer, but only a limited number of patients exhibit a durable clinical benefit. An urgent medical need is the establishment of accurate response predictors, which is handicapped by the growing body of molecular, cellular and clinical variables that modify the complex nature of an effective anti-tumor immune response. 
  • 690
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Testicular Germ-Cell Tumours (TGCT)
Testicular Germ Cell Tumors (TGCTs) are the second most common form of Germ Cell Tumour after benign ovarian teratomas. They are considered a “curable cancer” due to their exceptionally high survival rate of their patients: young caucasian men mostly. A better stratification of those patients would mean an improvement in their quality of life, which is currently diminished by the aggressiveness of prognostic treatments. The knowledge about the relation between TGCTs and the immune system could give keys to improve prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of this cancer.
  • 690
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Bispecific Antibodies for the Treatment of Lung Cancer
Bispecific antibodies are a promising type of therapy for the treatment of cancer due to their ability to simultaneously inhibit different proteins playing a role in cancer progression. The development in lung cancer has been singularly intense because of the increasingly vast knowledge of the underlying molecular routes, in particular, in oncogene-driven tumors.
  • 690
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Metformin and Resveratrol in Glioblastoma Treatment
Glioblastoma’s poor prognosis calls for the discovery of newer, more efficacious management and treatment methods. Metformin and resveratrol exert anticancer effects on major metabolic pathways in glioblastoma cells, resulting in reduced proliferation, increased apoptosis, and reduced tumor growth and volume. The shown effects suggest that metformin and resveratrol can potentially aid in treating glioblastoma.
  • 690
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Multidisciplinary Management of Locally Advanced Vulvar Cancer
Locally advanced vulvar cancer (LAVC) requires a multidisciplinary management. Based on the available evidence, radiotherapy, with or without concurrent chemotherapy, has a relevant role in neoadjuvant, adjuvant or exclusive treatments. A multidisciplinary and multidimensional assessment can also be useful to identify the most suitable approach, in view of a better treatment personalization.
  • 689
  • 28 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression Secondary to Lung Cancer
Metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) is characterised by the compression of the spinal cord due to direct or metastatic spread to the vertebrae, potentially leading to neurological deficits. This condition constitutes an urgent situation in oncology, demanding swift diagnosis and immediate intervention due to the considerable risk of spinal cord damage and irreversible neurological repercussions. Spinal tumours resulting from the metastasis of lung cancer are particularly connected with an unfavourable prognosis, often displaying rapid advancement and limited survival. Treatment approaches encompass a combination of radiotherapy and potential surgery, which are tailored to each patient’s situation. Identifying such prognostic factors associated with shorter or longer survival subsequent to MSCC could contribute to tailoring distinct, more or less intensive therapeutic strategies for these individuals.
  • 689
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Systemic Therapy Investigations for Bone Sarcomas
Bone sarcoma is a rare component of malignant solid tumors that accounts for only ~0.2% of malignancies. Bone sarcomas present various histological types, and genomic mutations differ markedly by the histological types. Although there are vast mutations in various bone sarcomas, most of them are non-actionable, and even potential targetable mutations that are actionable targets in other malignancies have not shown the appropriate responses in clinical trials for bone sarcomas. Investigations of new systemic therapy, including molecular targeted therapies for bone sarcomas, have thus not progressed like those for other solid tumors. Another problem is that high rates of pediatric/adolescent and young adult patients have bone sarcomas such as osteosarcoma, and patient recruitment for clinical trials (especially randomized trials) is challenging. For pediatric patients, evaluations of tolerability and appropriate dose modifications of new drugs are needed, as their findings could provide the threshold for investigating new drugs for bone sarcomas. 
  • 688
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite the advances in the knowledge of pathogenetic molecular mechanisms and the implementation of more effective drug treatments, the overall survival rate of patients remains unsatisfactory. The high death rate is mainly due to metastasis of cancer in about half of the cancer patients and the emergence of drug-resistant populations of cancer cells. Improved understanding of cancer molecular biology has highlighted the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in colorectal cancer development and evolution. ncRNAs regulate gene expression through various mechanisms, including epigenetic modifications and interactions of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with both microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins, and through the action of lncRNAs as miRNA precursors or pseudogenes. LncRNAs can also be detected in the blood and circulating ncRNAs have become a new source of non-invasive cancer biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer, as well as for predicting the response to drug therapy.
  • 688
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Transduodenal Ampullectomy
Transduodenal ampullectomy (TDA) has lower peri-operative morbidity and mortality than PD and has been suggested as an alternative surgical treatment for ampullary adenoma and early AoV cancer.
  • 687
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Role of Genetic Pathways in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Arrays of genes and molecular mechanisms underlie the development of chemoradiation resistance in NPC. Imperatively, unravelling the true pathogenesis of chemoradiation resistance is crucial as these significant proteins and genes can be modulated to produce an effective therapeutic target.
  • 687
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Measuring Cellular Kinetics
Novel modalities such as cell and gene therapies have proven to be efficacious for numerous clinical indications–primarily in rare disease and immune oncology. Because of this success, drug developers are heavily investing in these novel modalities. Given the complexity of these therapeutics, a variety of bioanalytical techniques are employed to fully characterize the pharmacokinetics of these therapies in clinical studies. Industry trends indicate that quantitative PCR (qPCR) and multiparameter flow cytometry are both valuable in determining the pharmacokinetics, i.e. cellular kinetics, of cell therapies.
  • 687
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells on Lymphoma Therapy
Lymphoma is a heterogeneous group of neoplasms including over 70 different subtypes. Its biological characteristic of deriving from lymphoid tissues makes it ideal for immunotherapy. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells therapy is one of the adoptive immunotherapy which eliminates cancer cells by transfusing immune cells that have been expanded and activated in vitro. CIK cells are heterogeneous in nature and composed of CD3+CD56- (T cells), CD3-CD56+ (NK cells), and CD3+CD56+ (NKT cells) cell populations. The CD3+CD56+ subset is considered as the major effector cells that exert potent anti-tumor cytotoxicity in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-unrestricted manner. From 1991 to 2020, there are nearly 20 clinical trials conducted for the treatment of lymphoma. Moreover, a number of pre-clinical approaches are being investigated to improve CIK cell therapy to enhance its anti-tumor activity.
  • 687
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Neoantigens in Cancer
 The clinical benefits of immune checkpoint blockage (ICB) therapy have been widely reported. In patients with cancer, researchers have demonstrated the clinical potential of antitumor cytotoxic T cells that can be reinvigorated or enhanced by ICB. Compared to self-antigens, neoantigens derived from tumor somatic mutations are believed to be ideal immune targets in tumors. Candidate tumor neoantigens can be identified through immunogenomic or immunopeptidomic approaches. Identification of neoantigens has revealed several points of the clinical relevance. Hence, immunotherapies using vaccines or adoptive T-cell transfer targeting neoantigens are potential innovative strategies. However, significant efforts are required to identify the optimal epitopes.
  • 687
  • 06 Apr 2022
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