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Topic Review
Using GPCRs to Target Ovarian Cancer with Nanomedicines
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors, and many are overexpressed in solid tumors, including ovarian cancer.
  • 881
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
LonP1 in the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions
Recent studies have indicated a central role for LonP1 in mitochondrial function. Its physiological functions include proteolysis, acting as a molecular chaperone, binding mitochondrial DNA, and being involved in cellular respiration, cellular metabolism, and oxidative stress. Given its vital role in energy metabolism, LonP1 has been suggested to be associated with multi-system neoplasms and developmental disorders. 
  • 881
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Heparan Sulfate
White adipose tissues are major endocrine organs that release factors, termed adipokines, which affect other major organ systems. The development and functions of adipose tissues depend largely upon the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) surround both adipocytes and vascular structures and facilitate the communication between these two components. This communication mediates the continued export of adipokines from adipose tissues. Heparan sulfates regulate cellular physiology and communication through a sulfation code that ionically interacts with heparan-binding regions on a select set of proteins. Many of these proteins are growth factors and chemokines that regulate tissue function and inflammation. Cells regulate heparan sulfate sulfation through the release of heparanases and sulfatases. It is now possible to tissue engineer vascularized adipose tissues that express heparan sulfate proteoglycans. This makes it possible to use these tissue constructs to study the role of heparan sulfates in the regulation of adipokine production and release. It is possible to regulate the production of heparanases and sulfatases in order to fine-tune experimental studies.
  • 881
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Versatile Peroxiredoxin
Peroxiredoxins are multifunctional enzymes that play a key role in protecting cells from stresses and maintaining the homeostasis of many cellular processes. Peroxiredoxins are firstly identified as antioxidant enzymes that can be found in all living organisms. Later studies further explored peroxiredoxins also act as redox signaling regulators, chaperones, and pro-inflammatory factors, that play important roles in oxidative defense system, redox signaling, protein folding, cycle cell progression, DNA integrity, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. The versatility of peroxiredoxins is mainly based on their unique active center cysteine with wide range of redox states and the ability to switch between low and high molecular weight species for regulating their peroxidase and chaperone activities. Understanding molecular mechanisms of peroxiredoxin involvement in these processes will allow developing new approaches to enhance longevity and treat various cancers.
  • 880
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
CirDNA Metabolism and Biological Role
Circulating DNA has already proven itself as a valuable tool in translational medicine. However, one of the overlooked areas of circulating DNA research is its association with different proteins, despite considerable evidence that this association might impact DNA’s fate in circulation and its biological role. The colorful history of circulating DNA (cell-free DNA and cell surface bound DNA, which hereafter will be referred to as cirDNA) research and attempts of its use in the field of oncology went from being skeptically discarded to becoming a valuable tool in clinical oncology.
  • 880
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Studying the Human Microbiota
Biological clocks are systems in living organisms that allow them to respond to the passage of time, anticipate environmental changes, and regulate and coordinate various physiological processes.
  • 880
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Autophagy Regulation by miRNAs and Ubiquitination System
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding single-stranded RNA molecules encoded by endogenous genes with ~22 nucleotides which are involved in the regulation of post-transcriptional gene expression. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination are common post-translational modifications in eukaryotic cells and important pathways in regulating protein degradation and signal transduction, in which E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases (DUBs) play a decisive role. MiRNA and ubiquitination are involved in the regulation of most biological processes, including autophagy.
  • 880
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Ablative Radiotherapy in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common noncutaneous solid organ malignancy among men worldwide. Radiation therapy is a standard of care treatment option that has historically been delivered in the form of small daily doses of radiation over the span of multiple weeks. PCa appears to have a unique sensitivity to higher doses of radiation per fraction, rendering it susceptible to abbreviated forms of treatment. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDRBT) are both modern radiation modalities that allow the precise delivery of ablative doses of radiation to the prostate while maximally sparing sensitive surrounding normal structures. In this review, we highlight the evidence regarding the radiobiology, oncological outcomes, toxicity and dose/fractionation schemes of SBRT and HDRBT monotherapy in men with low-and intermediate-risk PCa.
  • 879
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Cancer-Associated DNA/RNA Binding Proteins
DNA and RNA binding proteins (DRBPs) are a broad class of molecules that regulate numerous cellular processes across all living organisms, creating intricate dynamic multilevel networks to control nucleotide metabolism and gene expression. These interactions are highly regulated, and dysregulation contributes to the development of a variety of diseases, including cancer. 
  • 879
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Microglia and Hypothalamic Inflammation
Hypothalamic inflammation is a condition frequently observed in experimental models of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and obese humans. This inflammatory response is mainly triggered by excessive saturated fatty acids (SFAs) from the diet, which reach the neural tissue mainly through the median eminence (ME), where fenestrated vascular endothelium lacks a blood–brain barrier (BBB). Brain perivascular macrophages (PVMs) also react to excessive free fatty acids (FFAs) circulating in the blood vessels, with a consequent increase in BBB permeability. Glial cells, such as astrocytes and microglia, quickly sense and react to the presence of those SFAs in the hypothalamic parenchyma, releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). If the stimulus persists, the hypothalamic neuronal network may be damaged, resulting in neuro-inflammation, which eventually leads to energy balance disruption, and finally, to neuronal dysfunction/apoptosis.
  • 878
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Diabetic Complications
Diabetes is the cause of several macrovascular and microvascular complications. Macrovascular complications associated with diabetes include atherosclerosis and stroke; and microvascular complications include diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Due to the progressive nature of diabetes, diabetes vascular complications causes the majority of the burden of diabetes with intense consequences on the anatomy, structure, and function of several cells, tissues, and organs, and consequently on the patient’s well-being.
  • 878
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Autophagy
The coronavirus disease pandemic, which profoundly reshaped the world in 2019 (COVID-19), has affected over 200 countries, caused over 500 million cumulative cases, and claimed the lives of over 6.4 million people worldwide as of August 2022. The causative agent is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Depicting this virus’ life cycle and pathogenic mechanisms, as well as the cellular host factors and pathways involved during infection, has great relevance for the development of therapeutic strategies. Autophagy is a catabolic process that sequesters damaged cell organelles, proteins, and external invading microbes, and delivers them to the lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy would be involved in the entry, endo, and release, as well as the transcription and translation, of the viral particles in the host cell.
  • 877
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Epidrugs in Therapy of Central Nervous System Disorders
The polygenic nature of neurological and psychiatric syndromes and the significant impact of environmental factors on the underlying developmental, homeostatic, and neuroplastic mechanisms suggest that an efficient therapy for these disorders should be a complex one. Pharmacological interventions with drugs selectively influencing the epigenetic landscape (epidrugs) allow one to hit multiple targets, therefore, assumably addressing a wide spectrum of genetic and environmental mechanisms of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. 
  • 877
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Reproduction
Secretory extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed microparticles that mediate cell to cell communication in proximity to, or distant from, the cell of origin. Extracellular vesicles mediate temporal and spatial interaction during many events in sexual reproduction and supporting embryo-maternal dialogue. Molecular characterization of EVs isolated in physiological and pathological conditions may increase our understanding of reproductive and obstetric diseases and assist the search for potential non-invasive biomarkers. Moreover, a more precise vision of the cocktail of biomolecules inside the EVs mediating communication between the embryo and mother could provide new insights to optimize the therapeutic action and safety of EV use.
  • 876
  • 20 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Estrogen Receptor Beta
The discovery of the Estrogen Receptor Beta (ERβ) in 1996 opened new perspectives in the diagnostics and therapy of different types of cancer. 
  • 876
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive neoplasia with an increasing incidence and mortality. It is characterized by a strong desmoplastic stroma surrounding cancer cells. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the main cell type of CCA stroma and they have an important role in modulating cancer microenvironments. CAFs originate from multiple lines of cells and mainly consist of fibroblasts and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) positive myofibroblast-like cells. The continuous cross-talking between CCA cells and desmoplastic stroma is permitted by CAF biochemical signals, which modulate a number of pathways. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 expression increases CAF recruitment to the tumor reactive stroma and influences apoptotic pathways. The Bcl-2 family protein enhances susceptibility to CAF apoptosis and PDGFRβ induces fibroblast migration and stimulates tumor lymphangiogenesis. Many factors related to CAFs may influence CCA prognosis.
  • 876
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
m6A Modification and Glucose Metabolism
The highly conserved and dynamically reversible N6-methyladenine (m6A) modification has emerged as a critical gene expression regulator by affecting RNA splicing, translation efficiency, and stability at the post-transcriptional level, which has been established to be involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including glycolipid metabolism and the development of glycolipid metabolic disease (GLMD). Hence, accumulating studies have focused on the effects and regulatory mechanisms of m6A modification on glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and GLMD. Glucose metabolism involves a very complex regulatory network, including anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic oxidation, pentose phosphate pathway, glycogen synthesis, and gluconeogenesis. An increasing number of studies have reported that m6A modification is an important regulatory mechanism of glucose homeostasis and downstream effects.
  • 876
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Diamond Electrodes for Neurochemical Sensing
Carbon-based electrodes combined with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) enable neurochemical sensing with high spatiotemporal resolution and sensitivity. While their attractive electrochemical and conductive properties have established a long history of use in the detection of neurotransmitters both in vitro and in vivo, carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) also have limitations in their fabrication, flexibility, and chronic stability. Diamond is a form of carbon with a more rigid bonding structure (sp3-hybridized) which can become conductive when boron-doped. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is characterized by an extremely wide potential window, low background current, and good biocompatibility. Additionally, methods for processing and patterning diamond allow for high-throughput batch fabrication and customization of electrode arrays with unique architectures.
  • 875
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
NUB1 and FAT10 Proteins
The upregulated expression of both NUB1 and FAT10 has been observed in various cancers. NUB1 protein binds to FAT10 non-covalently to promote FAT10 degradation. An overexpressed FAT10 stimulates nuclear factor-kappa β, activates the inflammatory pathways, and induces the proliferation of cancer. The FAT10 protein interacts with the mitotic arrest deficient 2 protein, causing chromosomal instability and breast tumourigenesis. FAT10 binds to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein and inhibits the DNA damage repair response. In addition, FAT10 involves epithelial–mesenchymal transition, invasion, apoptosis, and multiplication in hepatocellular carcinoma. 
  • 874
  • 12 Sep 2021
Topic Review
S100P-Induced Cell Migration and Metastasis
The presence of S100P protein in cancer cells is strongly associated with reduced survival times of patients suffering from a number of cancers. It has been shown previously that S100P is a potent inducer of metastasis in a model system and it is likely that this metastasis-inducing ability underlies its association with reduced patient survival. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in S100P-driven metastasis are only now beginning to be elucidated and the evidence points to S100P enhancing cell migration and cell invasion.  It is now shown that in the same cell system S100P enhances cell migration by two separate mechanisms. One pathway being intracellular, involves changes in the numbers of focal adhesions.  The second pathway occurs at the cell membrane and does not involve changes in the number of focal adhesions, but involves extracellular/membrane bound S100P and is inhibited by specific inhibitors of plasmin. Importantly, mutation of the C-terminal amino acid of S100P, not only abolishes both pathways, but also markedly reduces the metastasis-inducing ability of S100P, thus identifying a possible target for the reduction of S100P-induced metastasis.
  • 874
  • 27 Oct 2021
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