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Topic Review
LonP1 in the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions
Recent studies have indicated a central role for LonP1 in mitochondrial function. Its physiological functions include proteolysis, acting as a molecular chaperone, binding mitochondrial DNA, and being involved in cellular respiration, cellular metabolism, and oxidative stress. Given its vital role in energy metabolism, LonP1 has been suggested to be associated with multi-system neoplasms and developmental disorders. 
  • 867
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Stilbenes on Various Types of Inflammation
Stilbenes are polyphenolic allelochemicals synthesized by plants, especially grapes, peanuts, rhubarb, berries, etc., to defend themselves under stressful conditions. They are exploited in medicine for their antioxidant, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammation is the immune system’s response to invading bacteria, toxic chemicals or even nutrient-deprived conditions. It is characterized by the release of cytokines which can wreak havoc on healthy tissues, worsening the disease condition.
  • 867
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Cell Receptors for Collagen
Collagen, an extracellular protein, covers the entire human body and has several important biological functions in normal physiology. Collagen possibly binds with at least six different groups of receptors in biological cells. These are integrins, DDR, Glycoprotein VI, Osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR), LAIR-1, and uPARAP/Endo180.
  • 867
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Posttranslational Modifications in PD-L1 Turnover and Function
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is one of the most classic immune checkpoint molecules. Cancer cells express PD-L1 to inhibit the activity of effector T cells’ cytotoxicity through programmed death 1 (PD-1) engagement in exposure to inflammatory cytokines. PD-L1 expression levels on cancer cells might affect the clinical response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies. Hence, understanding molecular mechanisms for regulating PD-L1 expression is essential for improving the clinical response rate and efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, and acetylation, regulate PD-L1 stability, cellular translocation, and interaction with its receptor. A coordinated positive and negative regulation via PTMs is required to ensure the balance and function of the PD-L1 protein. 
  • 866
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) and Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant adenocarcinoma characterized by biliary tract differentiation and is the second most common primary liver tumor. 
  • 866
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in Atherosclerosis
18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is a glucose analogue and the most-validated radiotracer for imaging high metabolically active inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages) and tissues (e.g., atherosclerotic plaques) in animal models and humans [10]. The results have proven to be reproducible and modifiable via interventions that are anti-inflammatory [11]. FDG-PET imaging may mirror inflammatory activity in atherosclerosis due to the consumption of large amounts of glucose by inflammatory cells compared to other plaque cells.
  • 865
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Versatile Peroxiredoxin
Peroxiredoxins are multifunctional enzymes that play a key role in protecting cells from stresses and maintaining the homeostasis of many cellular processes. Peroxiredoxins are firstly identified as antioxidant enzymes that can be found in all living organisms. Later studies further explored peroxiredoxins also act as redox signaling regulators, chaperones, and pro-inflammatory factors, that play important roles in oxidative defense system, redox signaling, protein folding, cycle cell progression, DNA integrity, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. The versatility of peroxiredoxins is mainly based on their unique active center cysteine with wide range of redox states and the ability to switch between low and high molecular weight species for regulating their peroxidase and chaperone activities. Understanding molecular mechanisms of peroxiredoxin involvement in these processes will allow developing new approaches to enhance longevity and treat various cancers.
  • 865
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
General Characteristics and Nephroprotective Properties of Salvia Genus
The study of medicinal plants is important, as they are the natural reserve of potent biologically active compounds. With wide use in traditional medicine and the inclusion of several species (as parts and as a whole plant) in pharmacopeia, species from the genus Salvia L. are known for the broad spectrum of their biological activities. Studies suggest that these plants possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiangiogenic, hepatoprotective, cognitive and memory-enhancing effects. Phenolic acids, terpenoids and flavonoids are important phytochemicals, which are primarily responsible for the medicinal activity of Salvia L.
  • 865
  • 14 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Melanoma
Tumour biomarkers can be useful in predicting the risk of metastases and thus prognosis. Some of them can also have a diagnostic use. The use of serum biomarkers, such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or S100b, is recommended in some guidelines, while the use of other serum biomarkers, such as melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is limited due to low specificity and limited clinical usability. DNA point mutations in melanoma represent another important biomarker that can guide patient selection and predict treatment response. 
  • 864
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Diabetic Complications
Diabetes is the cause of several macrovascular and microvascular complications. Macrovascular complications associated with diabetes include atherosclerosis and stroke; and microvascular complications include diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Due to the progressive nature of diabetes, diabetes vascular complications causes the majority of the burden of diabetes with intense consequences on the anatomy, structure, and function of several cells, tissues, and organs, and consequently on the patient’s well-being.
  • 864
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Polymyxin B Immobilized Fiber Column
Endotoxin removal therapy with polymyxin B immobilized fiber column (PMX) has been clinically applied for sepsis and septic shock patients since 1994. The effectiveness and usefulness of this therapy have been demonstrated for more than a quarter of a century. However, a documented survival benefit has not yet been demonstrable in a large, multicenter, randomized and controlled trial. Following the findings derived from a large sepsis clinical trial with PMX in North America, a new trial is ongoing to determine if PMX has a long-term survival benefit when administered to septic patients. Another approach to support a survival benefit from intervention with PMX is to utilize a detailed analysis available from a large clinical data base. The endotoxin adsorption capacity of PMX columns in vitro and the effectiveness of PMX columns can be further demonstrable in animal models. The capability of PMX and details of its mechanism of action to intervene in the sepsis cascade and impede organ dysfunction in septic patients is not fully understood. The surface antigen expression in monocytes and neutrophils are improved after PMX therapy. Immunomodulatory effects as a result of endotoxin removal and/or other mechanisms of action have been suggested. These effects and other potential immune effects may explain some of the improved effects upon organ dysfunction of sepsis and septic shock patients. Endotoxemia may be involved in the pathophysiology of other diseases than sepsis. A rapid diagnostic method to detect and target endotoxemia could allow us to practice precision medicine and expand the clinical indications of endotoxin removal therapy.
  • 864
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
ABCC6 Transporter in Hepatic Cells
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a complex autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations of ABCC6 transporter and characterized by ectopic mineralization of soft connective tissues.
  • 861
  • 20 May 2021
Biography
Alexander O. Shpakov
Alexander O. Shpakov is a Professor of Biochemistry at the I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry (IEPB), Russian Academy of Sciences, in Saint-Petersburg, Russia. He was born in 1963 at Leningrad in Russia. He received his Master of Science degree in Bioorganic Chemistry in 1987 from the Leningrad State University, Russia, and his PhD degree in Biochemistry in 1996
  • 861
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Dietary Supplement and Food Contaminations
The identification of a doping agent (or its metabolite) in sports drug testing samples constitutes a violation of the anti-doping rules defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Reasons for such Adverse Analytical Findings (AAFs) include the intentional misuse of performance-enhancing/banned drugs; however, also the scenario of inadvertent administrations of doping agents was proven in the past, caused by, amongst others, the ingestion of contaminated dietary supplements, drugs, or food. Even though controversial positions concerning the effectiveness of dietary supplements in healthy subjects exist, they are frequently used by athletes, anticipating positive effects on health, recovery, and performance. However, most supplement users are unaware of the fact that the administration of such products can be associated with unforeseeable health risks and AAFs in sports. In particular anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and stimulants have been frequently found as undeclared ingredients of dietary supplements, either as a result of cross-contaminations due to substandard manufacturing practices and missing quality controls or an intentional admixture to increase the effectiveness of the preparations. In addition, food was found to be a potential source of unintentional doping, the most prominent example being meat tainted with the anabolic agent clenbuterol.
  • 860
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Metabolic Reprogramming Strategy Targeting Glucose Metabolism
Diabetes is not only a risk factor for breast cancer but also worsens its prognosis. Patients with diabetes usually show hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, which are accompanied by different glucose, protein, and lipid metabolism disorders. Metabolic abnormalities observed in diabetes can induce the occurrence and development of breast cancer. The changes in substrate availability and hormone environment not only create a favorable metabolic environment for tumorigenesis but also induce metabolic reprogramming events required for breast cancer cell transformation. Metabolic reprogramming is the basis for the development, swift proliferation, and survival of cancer cells. Metabolism must also be reprogrammed to support the energy requirements of the biosynthetic processes in cancer cells. In addition, metabolic reprogramming is essential to enable cancer cells to overcome apoptosis signals and promote invasion and metastasis.
  • 860
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Circulating Cell-Free DNA Levels in Psychiatric Diseases
The cell-free DNA (cfDNA) levels are known to increase in biological fluids in various pathological conditions. However, the data on circulating cfDNA in severe psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD), and depressive disorders (DDs), is contradictory. The meta-analysis showed that the levels of total cfDNA and genomic cfDNA in patients with schizophrenia are significantly higher than in healthy donors (SMD values of 0.61 and 0.6, respectively; p < 0.00001). Data on mitochondrial cfDNA in schizophrenia were scarce. Meta-analysis in BD and DDs found no significant differences in the level of mitochondrial cfDNA. However, further research on mitochondrial and genomic cfDNA levels in psychiatric disorders is needed due to the data heterogeneity.
  • 860
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
C1q in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Complement Component 1q (C1q), an initiating recognition molecule of the classical complement pathway, can interact with a variety of ligands and perform a range of functions in physiological and pathophysiological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS). Beyond its established roles in CNS growth, development, and bodily immunization, a novel facet of C1q’s functionality has been freshly unveiled within the intricate tapestry of neuropathological pathways that underpin neurodegenerative disorders and traumatic brain injury (TBI). This revelation has cast a spotlight on C1q as a prospective therapeutic avenue for safeguarding neuronal well-being or for retarding the progression of neurodegenerative maladies.
  • 860
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Elucidating Selenoprotein M Function from Structure
Selenocysteine (Sec), the 21st amino acid, is structurally similar to cysteine but with a sulfur to selenium replacement. This single change retains many of the chemical properties of cysteine but often with enhanced catalytic and redox activity. Incorporation of Sec into proteins is unique, requiring additional translation factors and multiple steps to insert Sec at stop (UGA) codons. These Sec-containing proteins (selenoproteins) are found in all three domains of life where they often are involved in cellular homeostasis (e.g., reducing reactive oxygen species). The essential role of selenoproteins in humans requires us to maintain appropriate levels of selenium, the precursor for Sec, in our diet. Too much selenium is also problematic due to its toxic effects. Deciphering the role of Sec in selenoproteins is challenging for many reasons, one of which is due to their complicated biosynthesis pathway. However, clever strategies are surfacing to overcome this and facilitate production of selenoproteins.
  • 860
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Reproduction
Secretory extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed microparticles that mediate cell to cell communication in proximity to, or distant from, the cell of origin. Extracellular vesicles mediate temporal and spatial interaction during many events in sexual reproduction and supporting embryo-maternal dialogue. Molecular characterization of EVs isolated in physiological and pathological conditions may increase our understanding of reproductive and obstetric diseases and assist the search for potential non-invasive biomarkers. Moreover, a more precise vision of the cocktail of biomolecules inside the EVs mediating communication between the embryo and mother could provide new insights to optimize the therapeutic action and safety of EV use.
  • 860
  • 20 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Making Bioactive Peptides Druggable
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Special Issue on the topic "Making Bioactive Peptides Druggable: Challenges and Prospects" is open for submissions. The Editorial Board of IJMS, and Guest Editors Paula Gomes and Cátia Teixeira are honored to invite all those devoted to the field of peptide-focused research to contribute to this special issue. This issue is intended to be an up-to-date collection of works, either original or literature reviews, focused on the current challenges, approaches, and prospects towards the improvement of peptide pharmacokinetics. Submissions are open till the 30th of March, 2021. For detailed information, please, use this link.
  • 859
  • 24 Sep 2020
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