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Topic Review
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a complex monogenic kidney disease which progressively leads to kidney failure. A brief description of the main characteristics and known causes of ADPKD pathology, as well as the current pharmacological treatment is presented. Numerous research tools have been developed over the last decades to study this pathology and have allowed significant progress in understanding ADPKD specific disease mechanisms, even though the precise pathophysiological mechanisms of this pathology still remain elusive. As no perfect model of ADPKD currently exists, a broad overview of available and emerging in vitro and in vivo research models used to study this disease is given. Finally, a multimodal approach, combining different and carefully selected in vitro and in vivo research tools is suggested, in order to produce reliable results relevant to the human disease.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Jul 2020
Topic Review
CD47
The integrin associated protein (CD47) is a widely and moderately expressed glycoprotein in all healthy cells. Cancer cells are known to induce increased CD47 expression. Similar to cancer cells, all immune cells can upregulate their CD47 surface expression during infection. The CD47-SIRPa interaction induces an inhibitory effect on macrophages and dendritic cells (dendritic cells) while CD47-thrombospondin-signaling inhibits T cells. Therefore, the disruption of the CD47 interaction can mediate several biologic functions. Upon the blockade and knockout of CD47 reveals an immunosuppressive effect of CD47 during LCMV, influenza virus, HIV-1, mycobacterium tuberculosis, plasmodium and other bacterial pneumonia infections. 
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Graphene Nanomaterials as Biocompatible/Conductive Scaffolds
The unique properties of graphene make graphene (and its derivatives) a valuable nanomaterial for 2D or 3D stem cells culture maintenance and differentiation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review worldwide that besides provide clues and insights on the way we can much better manage and study stem cells especially for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, transplantation, orthopedic surgery.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Gender Differences in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that is responsible for cognitive impairment, non-motor, and motor symptoms, which has been found to significantly affect health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The gender differences of the health-related quality of life of subjects with Parkinson’s disease have been observed in a number of studies.
  • 1.5K
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Critical Limb Ischemia
Critical limb ischemia (CLI) constitutes the most severe form of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a prevalent manifestation of atherosclerosis which involves the blockade of major systemic arteries other than those of the cerebral and coronary circulation, more common in legs than in arms. Overall, CLI patients suffer from chronic ischemic rest pain, ulcers, or gangrene, as well as an increased risk of cardiovascular events. CLI has a huge impact on the patients’ quality of life, being associated with an increased risk of amputations (fingers, toes, or extremities) and, moreover, an increase in mortality rates. Currently, revascularization strategies (bypass grafting, angioplasty) remain the first option for CLI patients, although less than 45% of them are eligible for surgical intervention mainly due to associated comorbidities. Moreover, patients usually require amputation in the short-term. As an alternative to conventional treatments, therapeutic angiogenesis has arisen as a promising treatment for CLI patients, mainly those considered as “no-option”, due to the potential of this strategy to promote revascularization of ischemic tissues. Different approaches including angiogenic gene or cell-based therapies are currently under investigation.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein
SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NCoV2) plays a key role in various processes related to the viral replication cycle such as the RNA genome packaging, interaction with other viral proteins. It has thus been a target for new drug development.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Psychophysiological perspectives on emotion regulation
Several studies have suggested a correlation between heart rate variability (HRV), emotion regulation (ER), and consequent psychopathological conditions. Specifically, recent data seem to support the hypothesis that low-frequency heart rate variability (LF-HRV), an index of sympathetic cardiac control, correlates with worse ER and specific psychopathological dimensions. The present work aims to review the previous findings on these topics and integrate them from two main cornerstones of this perspective: Porges’ Polyvagal Theory and Thayer and Lane’s Neurovisceral Integration Model, which are necessary to understand these associations better. For this reason, based on these two approaches, we point out that low HRV is associated with emotional dysregulation and transversal psychopathological conditions. This understanding is beneficial as a theoretical ground from which to start for further research studies and as a starting point for new theoretical perspectives useful in clinical practice. 
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
The Genus Candida auris
C. auris has unprecedently emerged as a multi-drug resistant fungal pathogen considered a serious global threat due to its potential to cause nosocomial outbreaks and deep-seated infections with staggering transmissibility and mortality, that has put in check the health authorities and institutions worldwide for more than a decade now. Due to its unique features not observed in other yeasts, it has been categorized as an urgent threat by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the rest of international agencies. Moreover, epidemiological alerts have been released in view of the increase of healthcare-associated C. auris outbreaks in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This review summarizes the current evidence on C. auris since its first description, from virulence to treatment and outbreak control, and highlights the knowledge gaps and future directions for research efforts. 
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Green Product Development Performance
Climate change and environmental crises are currently affecting the living environment of both people and the planet in general. This necessitates businesses to have a prompt and effective response to minimize or improve the harmful effects that lead to environmental imbalance and fulfill corporate social responsibility through focusing on transitioning to a model of sustainable economic development and encouraging the development and production of green products. 
  • 1.5K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Annoyance Factor
An annoyance factor (or nuisance or irritation factor[lower-alpha 1]), in advertising and brand management, is a variable used to measure consumers' perception level of annoyance in an ad, then analyzed to help evaluate the ad's effectiveness. The variable can be observed or inferred and is a type that might be used in factor analyses. An annoyance effect (or nuisance or irritation effect[lower-alpha 1]) is a reference to the impact or result of an annoying stimulus, which can be a strategic aspect of an advertisement intended to help a message stick in the minds of consumers. References to annoyance effects have been referred to as annoyance dynamics.[lower-roman 1][lower-roman 2] While the words "factor" and "effect," as used in the behavioral sciences, have different meanings, in casual vernacular, they have been used interchangeably as synonymous. A more general or umbrella term would simply be advertising annoyance.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Strobilanthes Callosus
Strobilanthes callosa Nees (Synonym: Carvia callosa (Nees) Bremek) is a shrub found mainly in the low hills of the western ghats all along the west coast of India . Its standardized Hindi language name is Maruadona (मरुआदोना) by which it is called in the state of Madhya Pradesh where it is also found. In the state of Maharashtra in the Marathi language and other local dialects and in the neighboring state of Karnataka the shrub is locally known as Karvi, sometimes spelled in English as Karvy. This shrub belongs to the genus Strobilanthes which was first scientifically described by Nees in the 19th century. The genus has around 350 species, of which at least 46 are found in India. Most of these species show an unusual flowering behaviour, varying from annual to 16-year blooming cycles, on the national scale there is often confusion about which plant is flowering.
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
MmpL3 Inhibition in Thearaphy of Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial illness known to humankind since ancient times. The causal microorganism of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Lung or pulmonary TB is the most common form, but Mtb also affects other body parts. TB does not spare any age group and is omnipresent worldwide. Most TB patients remain asymptomatic (latent TB) and non-contagious. However, approximately 10% of latent TB cases may advance to active TB (active or symptomatic TB). Some usual symptoms of active TB comprise continuing chronic cough, hemoptysis, night sweating, and weight loss. Active TB is associated with a high mortality rate if left untreated. The 2021 TB report of the World Health Organization (WHO) states that TB is one of the top 10 reasons for global deaths, about one-quarter of the global population is affected by Mtb, and the global burden of TB is expected to increase due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Assembly of Protein Cages for Drug Delivery
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used as target delivery vehicles for therapeutic goods; however, compared with inorganic and organic nanomaterials, protein nanomaterials have better biocompatibility and can self-assemble into highly ordered cage-like structures, which are more favorable for applications in targeted drug delivery.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Policies and Responses of Microplastics
Although (micro)plastic contamination is a worldwide concern, most scientific literature only restates that issue rather than presenting strategies to cope with it. The knowledge are assembled on policies and responses to tackle plastic pollution, including peer-reviewed scientific literature, gray literature and relevant reports to provide: (1) a timeline of policies directly or indirectly addressing microplastics; (2) the most up-to-date upstream responses to prevent microplastics pollution, such as circular economy, behavioral change, development of bio-based polymers and market-based instruments as well as source-specific strategies, focusing on the clothing industry, tire and road wear particles, antifouling paints and recreational activities; (3) a set of downstream responses tackling microplastics, such as waste to energy, degradation, water treatment plants and litter clean-up strategies; and examples of (4) multifaceted responses focused on both mitigating and preventing microplastics pollution, e.g., approaches implemented in fisheries and aquaculture facilities.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Acridine as an Anti-Tumour Agent
Acridine derivatives are a class of compounds that are being extensively researched as potential anti-cancer drugs. Acridines are well-known for their high cytotoxic activity; however, their clinical application is restricted or even excluded as a result of side effects. The photocytotoxicity of propyl acridine acts against leukaemia cell lines, with C1748 being a promising anti-tumour drug against UDP-UGT’s. CK0403 is reported in breast cancer treatment and is more potent than CK0402 against estrogen receptor-negative HER2. Acridine platinum (Pt) complexes have shown specificity on the evaluated DNA sequences; 9-anilinoacridine core, which intercalates DNA, and a methyl triazene DNA-methylating moiety were also studied. Acridine thiourea gold and acridinone derivatives act against cell lines such as MDA-MB-231, SK-BR-3, and MCF-7. Benzimidazole acridine compounds demonstrated cytotoxic activity against Dual Topo and PARP-1. 
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Salt Intake
Salt (NaCl) intake is processed by receptors in the tongue and digestive system, which transmit the information to the nucleus of the solitary tract via a neural pathway (chorda tympani/vagus nerves) and to circumventricular organs, including the subfornical organ and area postrema, via a humoral pathway (blood/cerebrospinal fluid). Circuits are formed that stimulate or inhibit homeostatic sodium (Na) intake involving participation of the parabrachial nucleus, pre-locus coeruleus, medial tuberomammillary nuclei, median eminence, paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, and other structures with reward properties such as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central amygdala, and ventral tegmental area. Finally, the kidney uses neural signals (e.g., renal sympathetic nerves) and vascular (e.g., renal perfusion pressure) and humoral (e.g., renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, cardiac natriuretic peptides, antidiuretic hormone, and oxytocin) factors to promote Na excretion or retention and thereby maintain extracellular fluid volume. 
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Evolution of Coral Reef under Changing Climate
Coral reefs are vital ecosystems with high biodiversity and ecological services for coastal communities. Climate change is accelerating, with detrimental consequences on coral reefs and related communities. 
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Pandemic in Africa
On 30 January 2020, WHO declared COVID-19 a public health emergency of global concern. COVID-19 became pandemic on 11 March 2020, and spread unprecedently. No country was prepared to face its impact. Major fears started to be expressed for Africa, where dramatic consequences were expected, due to the weakness of health systems. The limited resources, in terms of qualified physicians, medical equipment and hospital infrastructures marked an undeniable inequality and highlighted the need to empower local capacity, raising the level of preparedness of African nations against infection outbreaks.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 May 2024
Topic Review
TP53 Gene
Tumor protein p53: The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53 (or p53).
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Sweet Rowanberry (Sorbus aucuparia L.)
Rowan is a fairly common fruit crop in different countries of the world. The orange or reddish fruits of Sorbus aucuparia L. are small (diameter 6–9 mm) and they have been traditionally used as diuretic, laxative, anti-inflammatory, and vasoprotective agents, against rheumatism and kidney diseases as well as for the treatment of various gastrointestinal and respiratory tract-related disorders.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Dec 2021
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