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Topic Review
Janus Particles
Janus particles have emerged as a novel and smart material that could improve pharmaceutical formulation, drug delivery, and theranostics. Janus particles have two distinct compartments that differ in functionality, physicochemical properties, and morphological characteristics, among other conventional particles.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Elastodontic Appliances
The term “functional appliance” refers to a lot of orthodontic appliances initially designed primarily to correct Class II malocclusion; their use received much acclaim in Europe in the 20th century but not in the USA, where Angle’s philosophy, which put in the foreground the need to achieve an ideal dental occlusion with a fixed multibrackets device, was preferred. Elastodontics, therefore, aims to solve skeletal and functional problems in the growth period. Still, at the same time, it represents an extraordinary instrument to readjust the vertical dimension in the adult patient for prosthetic purposes. Elastodontics is a new therapeutic approach that uses removable appliances made with an elastomeric material to produce light and elastic forces to correct malocclusion, aligning them and reducing potential risk factors that can affect growth. This therapy simplifies or eliminates a possible and subsequent orthodontic intervention because it facilitates balanced growth, reduces the number of extractions, and increases stability during treatment. If you change the function through the re-education of behaviour, you will also change the shape. The main purpose of the functional treatment is to “guide” the proper growth of the bone bases by stimulating the perioral muscles and neuromuscular system.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Digital Technology 4.0 on Halal Supply Chain
The halal supply chain is a focused type of supply chain that ensures halal products throughout the entire process, from upstream to downstream.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
EU ETS system
To facilitate greenhouse gas reduction, the European Commission (EC) announced its plan to introduce an ETS by 2005. Between 2005 and 2007, Phase I was conducted for 25 EU members. Starting in 2008, Phase II was expanded to 31 member countries, including new members. Phase III is in operation between 2013 and 2020, and Phase IV is scheduled to run from 2021 to 2030.The changes and development in the EU ETS system increase the informational efficiency of the carbon market and contribute to actual emissions' reductions.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Graphene-Based Ceramic Nanocomposites
In the present work, the state of the art of the most common additive manufacturing (AM) technologies used for the manufacturing of complex shape structures of graphene-based ceramic nanocomposites, ceramic and graphene-based parts is explained. The most important works about the fabrication of composites using graphene-based ceramic pastes by Direct Ink Writing (DIW) are disclosed in detail and illustrated with representative examples. Various examples of the most relevant approaches for the manufacturing of graphene-based ceramic nanocomposites by DIW are provided. Furthermore, different feedstock formulations and their corresponding rheological behavior were explained.
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Jul 2020
Topic Review
CBF-AML
Core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia (CBF-AML) is one form of a cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow) called acute myeloid leukemia. In normal bone marrow, early blood cells called hematopoietic stem cells develop into several types of blood cells: white blood cells (leukocytes) that protect the body from infection, red blood cells (erythrocytes) that carry oxygen, and platelets (thrombocytes) that are involved in blood clotting. In acute myeloid leukemia, the bone marrow makes large numbers of abnormal, immature white blood cells called myeloid blasts. Instead of developing into normal white blood cells, the myeloid blasts develop into cancerous leukemia cells. The large number of abnormal cells in the bone marrow interferes with the production of functional white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
  • 1.5K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Thermometry in Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia is a treatment for cancer patients, which consists of heating the body to 43 °C. The temperature during treatment is usually measured by placing temperature probes intraluminal or invasively. The only clinically used option to measure temperature distributions non-invasively and in 3D is by MR thermometry (MRT). However, in order to be able to replace conventional temperature probes, MRT needs to become more reliable.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Satellite DNA of primate genome
Satellite DNA (satDNA) is defined as highly repetitive DNA consisting of short sequences tandemly repeated a large number of times. Collectively known as the "satellitome", this genomic component offers exciting evolutionary insights into aspects of primate genome biology that raise new questions and challenge existing paradigms. 
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Sandy Beach Aquifers
Sandy beach aquifers are complex hydrological and biogeochemical systems where fresh groundwater and seawater mix. The extent of the intertidal mixing zone and the rates of circulating flows within beaches are a primary control on porewater chemistry and microbiology of the intertidal subsurface. Interplay between the hydrological and biogeochemical processes at these land-sea transition zones moderate fluxes of chemicals, particulates, heavy metals, and biota across the aquifer-ocean interface, affecting coastal water quality and nutrient loads to marine ecosystems. Thus, it is important to characterize hydrological and biogeochemical processes in beach aquifers when estimating material fluxes to the ocean. This can be achieved through a suite of cross-disciplinary measurements of beach groundwater flow and chemistry. 
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Paracetamol Intake and Hematologic Malignancies
Hematologic malignancies are a heterogeneous group of diseases of diverse incidence, prognosis, and etiology that cause 1.3 million cases and more than 700,000 deaths every year worldwide. These malignancies show a stable trend in the last decades, but an increased incidence is observed for myeloma in women.
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Annual Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)
Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud. ), traditionally utilised as a pasture species, has become the most problematic and difficult-to-control weed across grain production regions in Australia. Annual ryegrass has been favored by the adoption of conservation tillage systems due to its genetic diversity, prolific seed production, widespread dispersal, flexible germination requirements and competitive growth habit.
  • 1.5K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Curcumin and Autophagy Signaling Pathway
Autophagy is the major intracellular machinery for degrading proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and organelles. This cellular process is essential for the maintenance of the correct cellular balance in both physiological and stress conditions. Because of its role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, dysregulation of autophagy leads to various disease manifestations, such as inflammation, metabolic alterations, aging, and neurodegeneration. A common feature of many neurologic and neuromuscular diseases is the alteration of the autophagy-lysosomal pathways. For this reason, autophagy is considered a target for the prevention and/or cure of these diseases. Dietary intake of polyphenols has been demonstrated to prevent/ameliorate several of these diseases. Thus, natural products that can modulate the autophagy machinery are considered a promising therapeutic strategy. In particular, curcumin, a phenolic compound widely used as a dietary supplement, exerts an important effect in modulating autophagy. 
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Feline Calicivirus
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is an important pathogen of cats that has two genogroups (GI and GII). To investigate the prevalence and molecular characteristics of FCVs in southwestern China, 162 nasal swab samples were collected from cats in animal shelters and pet hospitals. In total, 38 of the clinical samples (23.46%) were identified as FCV positive using nested RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analyses using 10 capsid protein VP1 sequences revealed that 8 GI and 2 GII strains formed two independent clusters. Additionally, three separated FCVs that not cluster phylogenetically (two GI and one GII strains) were successfully isolated from clinical samples and their full-length genomes were obtained. Phylogenetic and recombinant analyses of a GI FCV revealed genomic breakpoints in ORF1 and ORF2 regions with evidence for recombinant events between GI sub-genogroups, which is reported in China for the first time. Furthermore, sera obtained from mice immunized independently with the three FCV isolates and a commercial vaccine were used to evaluate the cross-reactivity of neutralizing antibodies. The three separate FCVs were neutralized by each other at a 1:19 to 1:775 titer rang, whereas the triple-inactivated vaccine was at a titer of 1:16, which suggested that different genogroup/sub-genogroup FCV strains exhibit significantly different titers of neutralizing antibodies, including the commercial FCV vaccine.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Rural–Urban Industry Linkages
Rural–urban linkages refer to the goods, people, and money transfers between rural and urban places, and have long been a focus for economic development researchers and practitioners alike. Urban places typically have higher incomes and more diverse market segments, making greater rural–urban market integration a potentially lucrative business and rural development strategy. Indeed, urban-adjacent rural communities often have comparative advantages in the production of food, energy, tourism, and other rural goods and services desired by urban consumers. Thus, identifying how these interdependent economic flows affect the economic prosperity of rural places may better inform rural development policies and strategies.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Sakurai's Bell Inequality
The intention of a Bell inequality is to serve as a test of local realism or local hidden variable theories as against quantum mechanics, applying Bell's theorem, which shows them to be incompatible. Not all the Bell's inequalities that appear in the literature are in fact fit for this purpose. The one discussed here holds only for a very limited class of local hidden variable theories and has never been used in practical experiments. It is, however, discussed by John Bell in his "Bertlmann's socks" paper (Bell, 1981), where it is referred to as the "Wigner–d'Espagnat inequality" (d'Espagnat, 1979; Wigner, 1970). It is also variously attributed to Bohm (1951?) and Belinfante (1973). Note that the inequality is not really applicable either to electrons or photons, since it builds in no probabilistic properties in the measurement process. Much more realistic hidden variable theories can be devised, modelling spin (or polarisation, in optical Bell tests) as a vector and allowing for the fact that not all emitted particles will be detected.
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Open Archival Information System
An Open Archival Information System (or OAIS) is an archive, consisting of an organization of people and systems, that has accepted the responsibility to preserve information and make it available for a Designated Community. The term OAIS also refers, by extension, to the ISO OAIS Reference Model for an OAIS. This reference model is defined by recommendation CCSDS 650.0-B-2 of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems; this text is identical to ISO 14721:2012. The CCSDS's purview is space agencies, but the OAIS model it developed has proved useful to a wide variety of other organizations and institutions with digital archiving needs. The information being maintained has been deemed to need "long term preservation", even if the OAIS itself is not permanent. "Long term" is long enough to be concerned with the impacts of changing technologies, including support for new media and data formats, or with a changing user community. "Long term" may extend indefinitely. In this reference model there is a particular focus on digital information, both as the primary forms of information held and as supporting information for both digitally and physically archived materials. Therefore, the model accommodates information that is inherently non-digital (e.g., a physical sample), but the modeling and preservation of such information is not addressed in detail. As strictly a conceptual framework, the OAIS model does not require the use of any particular computing platform, system environment, system design paradigm, system development methodology, database management system, database design paradigm, data definition language, command language, system interface, user interface, technology, or media for an archive to be compliant. Its aim is to set the standard for the activities that are involved in preserving a digital archive rather than the method for carrying out those activities. The acronym OAIS should not be confused with OAI, which is the Open Archives Initiative.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Inventory (Museum)
An inventory is an itemized list of objects that the museum has accessioned or received via loan(s) and must be physically located by an examiner. A complete, one-hundred percent inventory, or a random inventory of the collection must be carried out periodically to ensure the museum is operating under best practices and for security purposes. The museum is legally responsible and ethically obligated for the maintenance of up-to-date information detailing the location of all objects within the collection, including loaned items and objects that have yet to be accessioned; this is stipulated by many museum associations, including the American Association of Museums.
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Smallpox Virus Retention Controversy
The smallpox virus retention controversy is a debate that has been ongoing among international scientists and other officials since smallpox was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980. It centers on whether to finally and irreversibly destroy the two last remnants of the virus that causes smallpox, which reside in government laboratories in the United States and Russia . Advocates of final destruction maintain that there is no longer any valid rationale for retaining the samples, which represent a hazard, while opponents of it maintain that the samples are needed for further research as smallpox virus may still exist in the world outside of the two labs, and thus may re-emerge, particularly as a bio-weapon.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Retrocomputing
Retrocomputing is the use of older computer hardware and software in modern times. Retrocomputing is usually classed as a hobby and recreation rather than a practical application of technology; enthusiasts often collect rare and valuable hardware and software for sentimental reasons. However, some do make use of it.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Brain Lesion Theory
The term Brain lesion theory is a colloquialism which generally refers to the idea that brain lesions and traumatic brain injury are associated with aggressive and violent behaviour, criminality and anti-sociality . The concept of a correlation between brain injury and violent or aggressive behaviour has a strong basis in scientific literature and has been explored across multiple disciplines including forensics, psychology and sociology. Most findings in psychology suggest that the correlation between brain injury and aggression is specific to frontal lobe injury. There’s is little evidence to suggest that damage to other areas of the brain correlates with aggression. The correlations between frontal lobe injury and aggression have important implications in terms of function localisation in the brain. Function localisation is the idea that certain functions are specific certain areas of the brain. There is evidence to suggest that the frontal lobe is responsible for the control of cognitive skills like judgment and emotion regulation. Consequently, damage to the frontal lobe may lead to loss of control and impairment in social/emotional judgement therefore reducing a person’s ability to inhibit negative emotion and as a consequence increase aggressive responses. However, it is important to note that the evidence for a correlation between frontal lobe injury and aggression is heavily based on case study and consequently cannot be used to imply a causal factor in either direction. Further, aggression, violence and anti-sociality also correlate with alcoholism, abuse and a number of psychological, environmental and biological factors thus even if there was evidence for a causal link between brain injury and aggression it cannot be concluded that brain injury alone causes aggression.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Dec 2022
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