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Topic Review
Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Patients
Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer are distinct, both physically from a disease pathophysiology perspective and psychologically from a developmental perspective.
  • 746
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Endometrial Cancer Patients
Endometrial cancer is one of the most common cancers in developing and developed countries. Although the detection of this cancer is high at the early stages, there is still a lack of markers to monitor the disease, its recurrence, and metastasis. MiRNAs are in charge of the post-transcriptional regulation of genes responsible for the most important biological processes, which is why they are increasingly used as biomarkers in many types of cancer.
  • 746
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
LncRNA ST3GAL6-AS1 in Multiple Myeloma
The biological impact of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in multiple myeloma (MM) is becoming an important aspect of investigation, which may contribute to the understanding of the complex pathobiology of the disease whilst also providing novel potential therapeutic targets. Herein, we investigated the pathobiological role of ST3GAL6-AS1 (ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3 sialyltransferase 6 antisense RNA 1), a lncRNA mapped at chromosome 3q11.2 antisense to ST3GAL6 (ST3 Beta-Galactoside Alpha-2,3-Sialyltransferase 6), a gene that has been recently reported as involved in homing and in in vivo engraftment in MM.
  • 745
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Cancer Cachexia
During its evolution, cancer induces changes in patients’ energy metabolism that strongly affect the overall clinical state and are responsible for cancer-related cachexia syndrome. To better understand the mechanisms underlying cachexia and its metabolic derangements, research efforts should focus on the events that are driven by the immune system activation during the evolution of neoplastic disease and on the phenomena of “resistance” and “tolerance” typically involved in the human body immune response against stress, pathogens, or cancer. Indeed, the growth of a tumor that overcomes the mechanisms of resistance underlines a lack of efficacy of the specific immune response, which is followed by a macrophage-mediated chronic inflammatory response with related symptoms, whose persistence leads to the phenomena of tolerance. In the case where resistance is not able to eliminate the cancer, tolerance mechanisms can utilize the symptoms of cachexia (anemia, anorexia, and fatigue) to counteract unregulated cancer growth. Thus, cancer cachexia should be considered the evidence of symptoms related to tolerance, and it should be considered as the final attempt by the body to counteract cancer growth.  These notions are also sustained by the evidence that cancer cachexia may be reversible if the resistance and tolerance phases are supported by appropriate antineoplastic treatments. In fact, in clinical practice, several patients exhibiting symptoms of cachexia (weight loss ≥ 5-10 % of ideal weight in the last 3-6 months) exhibit a significant resolution of the phenomena and associated symptoms with the reduction of tumor burden. Once a patient, even in an advanced stage of the disease, achieves a clinical response, especially a complete response, they might regain their appetite with a resolution of anorexia, gain weight with the improvement of lean body mass, and become free of other symptoms associated to cachexia, such as anemia and immunodepression. Viceversa, the irreversible form of cachexia that leads to death develops when the available therapies are not able to control the disease and the resistance mechanisms fail with the prevalence of the tolerance phenomena. Accordingly, there is no doubt that anticachectic therapies have an irreplaceable role in cases of reversible cancer cachexia where, if harmoniously associated with effective antineoplastic therapies, they can contribute to preserve the quality of life and improve prognosis. Such anticachectic treatments should be based on targeting the complex immunological, inflammatory, and metabolic pathways involved in the complex pathogenesis of cachexia. Meanwhile, the role of the anticachectic therapies is very different in the stage of irreversible cachexia when the available antineoplastic treatments are not able to control the disease. At this stage, they can be useful only to improve the quality of life, allowing the patient and their family to get a better awareness of the final phases of life, thereby opening to the best spiritual remodulation of the final event, death. Therefore, a better knowledge of the mechanisms of resistance and tolerance as crucial events involved in the pathogenesis and development of cancer cachexia surely could help clinicians to be aware of the relevance of cachexia incidence in the evolution of cancer disease and improve its early recognition and effective treatment.
  • 745
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
PD-L1/PD-1 Axis in Glioblastoma Multiforme
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most popular primary central nervous system cancer and has an extremely expansive course. Aggressive tumor growth correlates with short median overall survival (OS) oscillating between 14 and 17 months. The survival rate of patients in a three-year follow up oscillates around 10%. The interaction of the proteins programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand (PD-L1) creates an immunoregulatory axis promoting invasion of glioblastoma multiforme cells in the brain tissue. The PD-1 pathway maintains immunological homeostasis and protects against autoimmunity. PD-L1 expression on glioblastoma surface promotes PD-1 receptor activation in microglia, resulting in the negative regulation of T cell responses.
  • 745
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Biomarkers
In the era of personalized medicine, there is an increasing demand for comprehensive and complex diagnosis using minimally invasive techniques. Nowadays, it is mandatory to integrate biomarkers in the diagnostic process, as well as in the treatment and clinical management of many cancer patients. Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), for instance, are frequently diagnosed in advanced stages, at a point when only cytological material or small biopsies can be obtained. This pathology constitutes an interesting challenge for the testing of biomarkers in cytology. Furthermore, there is a growing development of imaging techniques that guide non-invasive approaches to obtain small biopsies or cytological samples. This has allowed fine needle aspiration cytology and fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAC, FNAB) to become front-line procedures in the management of patients with NSCLC. It is well known that the list of biomarkers to be tested in these patients continues to increase. Nevertheless, there are several of essential biomarkers that should always be analyzed in all patients with NSCLC, not only in non-squamous but also in some squamous carcinomas (SqCC). Some of them, such as PDL1, are tested by immunocytochemistry (ICC), while others, mainly ALK and ROS1, can be tested by ICC and confirmed using other techniques such a Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH). Other biomarkers, namely EGFR and BRAF mutations, are currently evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based techniques including Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). 
  • 744
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Functional Genomic Analysis of BCM
The molecular characterization of CTCs could provide the information on phenotypic identification of malignant cells and genetic alteration that may change according to disease progression and therapy resistance (as illustrated in). However, monitoring CTC characteristics was initially performed on enriched fractions, which provided only very limited information on tumor heterogeneity. With the advances in technologies for single-cell analysis made during the past 5 years, analyses of CTCs at single-cell resolution in peripheral blood could offer a unique minimally invasive approach to characterize and monitor dynamic changes in tumor heterogeneity in individual patients with cancer at the genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and functional levels.
  • 743
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Dialysis as a Cancer Treatment
Cancer metabolism is characterized by an increased utilization of fermentable fuels, such as glucose and glutamine, which support cancer cell survival by increasing resistance to both oxidative stress and the inherent immune system in humans. Dialysis has the power to shift the patient from a state dependent on glucose and glutamine to a ketogenic condition (KC) combined with low glutamine levels—thereby forcing ATP production through the Krebs cycle. By the force of dialysis, the cancer cells will be deprived of their preferred fermentable fuels, disrupting major metabolic pathways important for the ability of the cancer cells to survive. 
  • 743
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Microglia and Brain Macrophages for Glioma Progression
Evidence is accumulating that the tumour microenvironment (TME) has a key role in the progression of gliomas. Non-neoplastic cells in addition to the tumour cells are therefore finding increasing attention. Microglia and other glioma-associated macrophages are at the centre of this interest especially in the context of therapeutic considerations. New ideas have emerged regarding the role of microglia and, more blood-derived brain macrophages in glioblastoma (GBM) progression. 
  • 743
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
New Immunotherapy Approaches in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) continues to be the most diagnosed tumor in women and a very heterogeneous disease both inter- and intratumoral, mainly given by the variety of molecular profiles with different biological and clinical characteristics. Despite the advancements in early detection and therapeutic strategies, the survival rate is low in patients who develop metastatic disease. Therefore, it is mandatory to explore new approaches to achieve better responses.
  • 743
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
MicroRNA in Cervical Lesions
The regulatory functions of microRNA (miRNA) are involved in all processes contributing to carcinogenesis and response to viral infections. Cervical cancer in most cases is caused by the persistence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection. While oncogenic human papillomaviruses induce aberrant expression of many cellular miRNAs, this dysregulation could be harnessed as a marker in early diagnosis of HR-HPV infection, cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions, and cancer. In recent years, growing data indicate that miRNAs show specific patterns at various stages of cervical pathology, that gives hope for the development of non-invasive diagnostic tests that take into account the heterogeneity of tumor-related changes. Due to this heterogeneity resulting in difficult to predict clinical outcomes, precise molecular tools are needed to improve the diagnostic and therapeutic process.
  • 742
  • 30 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Targeted Therapies for Pancreatic Cancer
Cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the only treatment option for most pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients. Currently, the median overall survival of patients with advanced disease rarely exceeds 1 year. The complex network of pancreatic cancer composed of immune cells, endothelial cells, and cancer-associated fibroblasts confers intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity with distinct proliferative and metastatic propensity. This heterogeneity can explain why tumors do not behave uniformly and are able to escape therapy. The advance in technology of whole-genome sequencing has now provided the possibility of identifying every somatic mutation, copy-number change, and structural variant in a given cancer, giving rise to personalized targeted therapies.
  • 742
  • 03 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Anticancer Strategies Targeting JWA
JWA is a microtubule-associated protein and an environmental response gene. JWA has been identified as a potential therapeutic target for several cancers. 
  • 742
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Natural Benzophenanthridine Alkaloids
Benzophenanthridine alkaloids are a class of isoquinoline compounds, which are widely found in the plants of papaveraceae, corydalis, and rutaceae. Biological activities and clinical studies have shown that benzophenanthridine alkaloids have inhibitory effects on many cancers.
  • 742
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Radiotherapy for Recurrent/Metastatic Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant epithelial neoplasm affecting the oral cavity. While surgical resection is the cornerstone of a multimodal curative approach, some tumors are deemed recurrent or metastatic (R/M) and often not suitable for curative surgery.
  • 741
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Recurrent Glioblastoma Treatment
The treatment guidelines for the management of recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM) are far from definitive, and the prognosis remains dismal. Despite recent advancements in the pharmacological and surgical fields, numerous doubts persist concerning the optimal strategy that clinicians should adopt for patients who fail the first lines of treatment and present signs of progressive disease. With most recurrences being located within the margins of the previously resected lesion, a comprehensive molecular and genetic profiling of rGBM revealed substantial differences compared with newly diagnosed disease.
  • 740
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Strategies of Vaccinia Virus in Tumor Virotherapy
Oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as a novel form of cancer immunotherapy. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can directly infect and lyse the tumor cells, and modulate the beneficial immune microenvironment. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a promising oncolytic vector because of its high safety, easy gene editing, and tumor intrinsic selectivity. To further improve the safety, tumor-targeting ability, and OV-induced cancer-specific immune activation, various approaches have been used to modify OVs. The recombinant oncolytic VACVs with deleting viral virulence factors and/or arming various therapeutic genes have displayed better therapeutic effects in multiple tumor models. Moreover, the combination of OVs with other cancer immunotherapeutic approaches, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cells, has the potential to improve the outcome in cancer patients. This will open up new possibilities for the application of OVs in cancer treatment, especially for personalized cancer therapies.
  • 739
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibodies in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematologic malignancy. Current treatment strategies are mainly based on immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors or combination of both. Monoclonal anti-CD38 antibodies, daratumumab and isatuximab, have been implemented into treatment strategies from first-line treatment to refractory disease. In addition, the monoclonal anti-SLAM-F7 antibody elotuzumab in combination with immunomodulatory drugs has improved the clinical outcomes of patients with relapsed/refractory disease. Belantamab mafodotin is the first approved antibody drug conjugate directed against B cell maturation antigen and is currently used as a monotherapy for patients with advanced disease. 
  • 738
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
MiRNA-Based Therapies in NHL
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is a very heterogenous group of lymphoid malignancies originating from different stages of B-cell (~90% of the cases) and T-cell or NK-cell differentiation. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the functional roles of miRNAs and lncRNAs in lymphoma onset and progression, either by acting as tumor-promoting ncRNAs or as tumor suppressors, emphasizing their appeal as lymphoma therapeutics. In fact, their intrinsic ability to modulate multiple dysregulated genes and/or signaling pathways makes them an attractive therapeutic approach for a multifactorial pathology like lymphoma.
  • 738
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
MiRNA in Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Incidences of thyroid cancer have been increasing worldwide. Between 1992 and 2017, the incidence of TC in the USA increased from 5.7 to 13.3 cases per 100,000 people. Worldwide, nearly 300,000 cases of TC are diagnosed annually, causing nearly 40,000 deaths. Many studies have suggested the importance of miRNA abnormalities during PTC development.
  • 737
  • 27 Oct 2021
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