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Topic Review
MiRNA-Based Therapies in NHL
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is a very heterogenous group of lymphoid malignancies originating from different stages of B-cell (~90% of the cases) and T-cell or NK-cell differentiation. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the functional roles of miRNAs and lncRNAs in lymphoma onset and progression, either by acting as tumor-promoting ncRNAs or as tumor suppressors, emphasizing their appeal as lymphoma therapeutics. In fact, their intrinsic ability to modulate multiple dysregulated genes and/or signaling pathways makes them an attractive therapeutic approach for a multifactorial pathology like lymphoma.
  • 735
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Thyroid Cancer in Elderly Patients
Thyroid cancer is more aggressive in elderly patients due to biological causes related to age, histotype, and the advanced stage at diagnosis. In the elderly, both the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer impact quality of life.
  • 735
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Teneurins
Teneurins have been identified in vertebrates as four different genes (TENM1-4), coding for membrane proteins that are mainly involved in embryonic and neuronal development. 
  • 734
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
MiRNA in Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Incidences of thyroid cancer have been increasing worldwide. Between 1992 and 2017, the incidence of TC in the USA increased from 5.7 to 13.3 cases per 100,000 people. Worldwide, nearly 300,000 cases of TC are diagnosed annually, causing nearly 40,000 deaths. Many studies have suggested the importance of miRNA abnormalities during PTC development.
  • 734
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Dialysis as a Cancer Treatment
Cancer metabolism is characterized by an increased utilization of fermentable fuels, such as glucose and glutamine, which support cancer cell survival by increasing resistance to both oxidative stress and the inherent immune system in humans. Dialysis has the power to shift the patient from a state dependent on glucose and glutamine to a ketogenic condition (KC) combined with low glutamine levels—thereby forcing ATP production through the Krebs cycle. By the force of dialysis, the cancer cells will be deprived of their preferred fermentable fuels, disrupting major metabolic pathways important for the ability of the cancer cells to survive. 
  • 734
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Stress and Glucocorticoids Favor Metastatic Spread of Melanoma
Circulating glucocorticoids increase during stress. Chronic stress, characterized by a sustained increase in serum levels of cortisol, has been associated in different cases with an increased risk of cancer and a worse prognosis. Glucocorticoids can promote gluconeogenesis, mobilization of amino acids, fat breakdown, and impair the body's immune response. Therefore, conditions that may favor cancer growth and the acquisition of radio- and chemo-resistance. Glucocorticoid receptor knockdown diminishes the antioxidant protection of murine B16-F10 (highly metastatic) melanoma cells are found, thus leading to a drastic decrease in their survival during interaction with the vascular endothelium. The BRAFV600E mutation is the most commonly observed in melanoma patients. Studies revealed that VMF/PLX40-32 (vemurafenib, a selective inhibitor of mutant BRAFV600E) increases mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in BRAFV600E human melanoma cell lines. Early-stage cancer cells lacking Nrf2 generate high ROS levels and exhibit a senescence-like growth arrest. Thus, it is likely that a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (RU486) could increase the efficacy of BRAF-related therapy in BRAFV600E-mutated melanoma. In fact, during early progression of skin melanoma metastases, RU486 and VMF induced metastases regression. However, treatment at an advanced stage of growth found resistance to RU486 and VMF. This resistance was mechanistically linked to overexpression of proteins of the Bcl-2 family (Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 in different human models). Moreover, melanoma resistance was decreased if AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways were blocked. These findings highlight mechanisms by which metastatic melanoma cells adapt to survive and could help in the development of most effective therapeutic strategies.  
  • 734
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Functional Genomic Analysis of BCM
The molecular characterization of CTCs could provide the information on phenotypic identification of malignant cells and genetic alteration that may change according to disease progression and therapy resistance (as illustrated in). However, monitoring CTC characteristics was initially performed on enriched fractions, which provided only very limited information on tumor heterogeneity. With the advances in technologies for single-cell analysis made during the past 5 years, analyses of CTCs at single-cell resolution in peripheral blood could offer a unique minimally invasive approach to characterize and monitor dynamic changes in tumor heterogeneity in individual patients with cancer at the genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and functional levels.
  • 733
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Immunotherapy in Hepatobiliary Cancers
Hepatobiliary cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), and gallbladder carcinoma (GBC), are lethal cancers with limited therapeutic options. Curative-intent treatment typically involves surgery, yet recurrence is common and many patients present with advanced disease not amenable to an operation. Immunotherapy represents a promising approach to improve outcomes, but the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of the liver characteristic of hepatobiliary cancers has hampered the development and implementation of this therapeutic approach. Current immunotherapies under investigation include immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), the adoptive transfer of immune cells, bispecific antibodies, vaccines, and oncolytic viruses. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) are two ICIs that have demonstrated utility in HCC, and newer immune checkpoint targets are being tested in clinical trials.
  • 733
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Patients
Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer are distinct, both physically from a disease pathophysiology perspective and psychologically from a developmental perspective.
  • 733
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Biological Cancer Therapies
Biological cancer therapy involves treatment with natural molecules made by the body or made in a laboratory. These therapies either help the immune system fight the cancer or attack the cancer directly. These include treatment with monoclonal antibodies, adoptive cell transfer, gene therapy, treatment with cytokines, cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, immunoconjugates and the use of targeted therapy.
  • 732
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Microglia and Brain Macrophages for Glioma Progression
Evidence is accumulating that the tumour microenvironment (TME) has a key role in the progression of gliomas. Non-neoplastic cells in addition to the tumour cells are therefore finding increasing attention. Microglia and other glioma-associated macrophages are at the centre of this interest especially in the context of therapeutic considerations. New ideas have emerged regarding the role of microglia and, more blood-derived brain macrophages in glioblastoma (GBM) progression. 
  • 732
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Biomarkers of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a cancer that arises from the squamous epithelial cells that cover the lateral wall of the nasopharynx. In contrast to head and neck cancers, NPC has a distinct epidemiology, pathology, clinical characteristics, and treatment response. NPC is an endemic form of malignancy in certain parts of the world.
  • 731
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Strategies of Vaccinia Virus in Tumor Virotherapy
Oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as a novel form of cancer immunotherapy. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can directly infect and lyse the tumor cells, and modulate the beneficial immune microenvironment. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a promising oncolytic vector because of its high safety, easy gene editing, and tumor intrinsic selectivity. To further improve the safety, tumor-targeting ability, and OV-induced cancer-specific immune activation, various approaches have been used to modify OVs. The recombinant oncolytic VACVs with deleting viral virulence factors and/or arming various therapeutic genes have displayed better therapeutic effects in multiple tumor models. Moreover, the combination of OVs with other cancer immunotherapeutic approaches, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cells, has the potential to improve the outcome in cancer patients. This will open up new possibilities for the application of OVs in cancer treatment, especially for personalized cancer therapies.
  • 731
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Therapy for Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer is a deadly disease with worldwide prevalence that is often diagnosed at late stages. About two-thirds of patients in Western countries will present with locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC). When patients are diagnosed with LAGC, they frequently undergo surgery and perioperative chemotherapy. However, the most effective multimodality treatment regimen for LAGC has yet to be determined. In aiming to improve outcomes, current trials are examining immunotherapies and targeted therapies based on a growing understanding of the unique molecular characteristics and subtypes of LAGC.
  • 731
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Recurrent Glioblastoma Treatment
The treatment guidelines for the management of recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM) are far from definitive, and the prognosis remains dismal. Despite recent advancements in the pharmacological and surgical fields, numerous doubts persist concerning the optimal strategy that clinicians should adopt for patients who fail the first lines of treatment and present signs of progressive disease. With most recurrences being located within the margins of the previously resected lesion, a comprehensive molecular and genetic profiling of rGBM revealed substantial differences compared with newly diagnosed disease.
  • 730
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor, often occurring in children and adolescents. The etiology of most patients is unclear, and the conventional treatment methods are chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical resection. However, the sensitivity of osteosarcoma to radiotherapy and chemotherapy is low, and the prognosis is poor. The development of new and useful treatment strategies for improving patient survival is an urgent need. It has been found that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (ERS) affects tumor angiogenesis, invasion, etc.
  • 730
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Natural Benzophenanthridine Alkaloids
Benzophenanthridine alkaloids are a class of isoquinoline compounds, which are widely found in the plants of papaveraceae, corydalis, and rutaceae. Biological activities and clinical studies have shown that benzophenanthridine alkaloids have inhibitory effects on many cancers.
  • 730
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Fluorescent Anti-CEA Antibodies and Cancers
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein expressed in over 80% of colorectal cancers as well as lung, breast, pancreatic, gallbladder, bladder, ovarian and gastric cancer. Antibodies to CEA conjugated to a near-infrared dye have been studied to help detect, resect and treat a variety of GI cancers. This review covers all the near-infrared anti-CEA antibodies used in mouse models and clinical trials since 1990. 
  • 729
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Inflammation in Carcinogenesis
More and more data indicate the participation of inflammation in carcinogenesis, as evidenced by the formation of neoplasms at the site of infection, irritation, or chronic inflammation. In the tumor microenvironment, apart from neoplastic cells, the presence of immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, growth factors, pro-angiogenic factors, as well as cytokines and chemokines has been demonstrated. Components within the tumor may predispose to the neutralization of malignant tumor cells, but as a result of oncogenic evolution, transformed cells may escape from the control of the immune system and then antitumor activity is suppressed. If the elimination of tumor cells by the immune system is no longer possible, cells and factors forming the tumor microenvironment can help tumor cells to survive and avoid apoptosis, induce angiogenesis, as well as stimulate metastasis. Intensive production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which is enhanced by immune cells infiltrating the inflammatory focus, may damage normal tissues and, consequently, initiate compensatory cell proliferation. These processes can lead to the duplication and accumulation of DNA damage, gene mutations and the stimulation of internal and external carcinogens. DNA damage can also be caused by cytokines, for example interleukins 22 (IL-22), which activates the response to abnormal DNA by regulating the expression of numerous genes.
  • 729
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Lactic Acid Suppresses Anti-Cancer Immunity
Lactic acid is no longer considered a waste product of the Warburg effect. Lactic acid in the TME is responsible for suppressing anticancer immunity. A number of recent studies provide evidence explaining how lactic acid impedes immune cell functions. In this section, we summarize its role in 1) inhibiting immune cell proliferation and survival; 2) inducing immune cell de-differentiation; and 3) signaling of downstream processes (Figure).
  • 728
  • 23 Nov 2020
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