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Topic Review
Physical Sensing and Multimode Optical Waveguides
The research asks for meta-changes. As an example, a paradigm change in the use of the plasmonic phenomena produces innovative sensors. In particular, the sensor systems based on this innovative sensing approach were designed, fabricated, and investigated to assess their ability to measure various physical features, such as magnetic field, temperature, force, and volume. In a similar way, highly sensitive chemical sensors can be realized.
  • 751
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Experimental Approach to Silicon Heterojunction Tandem Solar Cells
A solar cell, or a photovoltaic (PV) cell, is an electrical device that converts light energy directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. There are different types of solar cells. Tandem solar cells could have a very good conversion efficiency in comparison with other types of solar cells. Tandem solar cells are considered the industry’s next step in photovoltaics due to their excellent conversion efficiency. A very good example is the perovskite absorber material that has been developed for efficient tandem solar cells. 
  • 744
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Production of Veil for Interlaminar Toughening
Embedding polymeric veils has proven to be one of the most effective ways to prevent delamination caused by the poor out-of-plane properties of composite laminates. Electrospinning is a flexible, simple, and cost-effective technology that is used to produce extremely fine fibers for a wide range of materials, with diameters ranging from tens of nanometers to a few micrometers. 
  • 737
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Nonvolatile Memory-Based Spiking Neural Network Architectures
A sustainable computing scenario demands more energy-efficient processors. Neuromorphic systems mimic biological functions by employing spiking neural networks for achieving brain-like efficiency, speed, adaptability, and intelligence. Current trends in neuromorphic technologies address the challenges of investigating novel materials, systems, and architectures for enabling high-integration and extreme low-power brain-inspired computing. 
  • 725
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Classical Approaches at the Synchrotron Radiation Facilites
Synchrotron radiation sources are widely used in interdisciplinary research, generating an enormous amount of data while posing serious challenges to the storage, processing, and analysis capabilities of the large-scale scientific facilities worldwide.
  • 712
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Biogas Valorisation to Biomethane
Biogas consists of mainly methane, as a source of energy, and impurities such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, water, and siloxanes. These impurities, such as hydrogen sulphide, reduce the biogas energy content and corrode equipment that store, transport, or utilise biogas.
  • 711
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Near-Body Medical Devices Subject to Electromagnetic Field Perturbation
The disturbances caused by electromagnetic field (EMF) noise of medical devices used near living tissues, as well as the corresponding functional control via the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of these devices are analyzed. These are minimally invasive and non-ionizing devices allowing various healthcare actions involving monitoring, assistance, diagnoses and image-guided medical interventions.
  • 708
  • 07 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Fundamentals and Mechanisms of Light-Activated Gas Sensors
The light-activated gas sensors show promising results, particularly using visible light as an external trigger that lowers the power consumption as well as improves the stability, sensitivity and safety of the sensors. It effectively eliminates the possible damage to sensing material caused by high operating temperature or high energy light. 
  • 702
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
High-Gradient Ion Linacs for FLASH-RT
Synchrotrons are used for ion beam therapy, while cyclotrons are mainly used for proton therapy. Linacs were not seriously considered for ion beam therapy due to the required accelerator length and extended footprint. With the developments of high-frequency high-gradient accelerating copper structures, more compact linacs are being proposed for protons and ions. These structures should be capable of delivering FLASH beam intensities.
  • 683
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Thin Films of Sn Perovskites
Compared to Pb-based perovskites solar cells (PSCs), tin-based perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) exhibit a much lower power conversion energy (PCE), mainly due to the poor film quality, correlated degradation, and detrimental effects. Perovskite films are often fabricated from solutions due to ease of fabrication. In order to create a high-performance tin-based PSC, it is imperative to form dense, compact, well-crystalline perovskite films. Many ways have been proposed to resolve the instabilities of tin-based perovskites. The first step to enhance the stability of the device is to gain a deeper understanding of the degradation mechanisms. Earlier, the researchers briefly pointed out the effects of moisture, oxygen, illumination, ion migration, and chemical reactions which are the most common causes of degradation in perovskite halides.
  • 674
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Silicon-Based Avalanche Photodiodes in Medical Imaging
Avalanche photodiodes have emerged as a promising technology with significant potential for various medical applications. Avalanche photodiodes offer distinct advantages over traditional photodetectors, including a higher responsivity, faster response times, and superior signal-to-noise ratios. These characteristics make avalanche photodiodes particularly suitable for medical-imaging modalities that require a high detection efficiency, excellent timing resolution, and enhanced spatial resolution.
  • 668
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
AFM Investigation of Protein Crystals Morphology
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) enables the visualization of soft samples over a wide size range, from hundreds of micrometers up to the molecular level. The nonperturbative nature, the ability to scan in a liquid environment, and the lack of need for freezing, fixing, or staining make AFM a well-suited tool for studying fragile samples such as macromolecular crystals. The achievements of AFM underlined start from the study of crystal growth processes studying the surface morphology of protein crystals, passes through the in-depth analysis of the S-layer systems, and arrive at the introduction of the high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) that allows the observation of molecular dynamics adsorption.
  • 662
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hierarchical Nanobiosensors
Nanostructures have played a key role in the development of different techniques to attack severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Some applications include masks, vaccines, and biosensors. The latter are of great interest for detecting diseases since some of their features allowed us to find specific markers in secretion samples such as saliva, blood, and even tears.
  • 633
  • 21 Feb 2024
Biography
Hilde Levi
Hilde Levi (9 May 1909 – 26 July 2003) was a German-Danish physicist. She was a pioneer of the use of radioactive isotopes in biology and medicine, notably the techniques of radiocarbon dating and autoradiography. In later life she became a scientific historian, and published a biography of George de Hevesy. Born into a non-religious Jewish family in Frankfurt, Germany, Levi entered the Univ
  • 628
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Colloids in Curved Space
Self-assembly of nanoscale objects is of essential importance in materials science, condensed matter physics, and biophysics. Curvature modifies the principles and sequence of self-assembly in Euclidean space, resulting in unique and more complex structures. Understanding self-assembly behavior in curved space is not only instrumental for designing structural building blocks and assembly processes from a bottom-up perspective but is also critically important for delineating various biological systems.
  • 602
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Lower-Energy Irradiation Effects on MgO-Based Magnetic Tunnel Junctions
Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths longer than gamma rays are commonly known as lower-energy waves, such as X-rays, ultraviolet radiation (UV), visible light, infrared radiation, microwaves, and radio waves. These electromagnetic waves have less energy compared to gamma rays, and are generally classified as non-ionizing radiation, with the exception of X-rays.  This discussion revolves the impacts of lower-energy electromagnetic waves on magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) that comprise two ferromagnetic layers separated by a thin insulating barrier.
  • 598
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Copper RTD directly fabricated on ceramic-coated stainless-steel tube
Reducing the economic and environmental impact of industrial process may be achieved by the smartisation of different components. In this work, tube smartisation is presented via direct fabrication of a copper (Cu)-based resistive temperature detector (RTD) on their outer surfaces. The testing was carried out between room temperature and 250 °C. For this purpose, copper depositions were studied using mid-frequency (MF) and high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS). Stainless steel tubes with an outside inert ceramic coating were used after giving them a shot blasting treatment. The Cu deposition was performed at around 425 °C to improve adhesion as well as the electrical properties of the sensor. To generate the pattern of the Cu RTD, a photolithography process was carried out. The RTD was then protected from external degradation by a silicon oxide film deposited over it by means of two different techniques: sol–gel dipping technique and reactive magnetron sputtering.
  • 581
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Navigation of Mobile Robot
Mobile robot navigation is a study area with several potential applications, both military and nonmilitary. Nonetheless, a great deal of problems remain, and many of them will probably need to be addressed using either a novel theory or another approach. The autonomous navigation of mobile robots has been studied by several researchers. Robots may encounter static interior environments or dynamic environments that change swiftly. The mobile robot’s goals may include reaching a particular place, following a predetermined course, or mapping out a space for later use. Many studies have been conducted throughout the world regarding this. Different methodologies were proposed on this topic, each with its advantages and disadvantages based on the recursive research. Navigation of a mobile robot involves determining the robot’s trajectory through an environment to reach a desired goal location while avoiding obstacles. 
  • 571
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Conversion of Units of Temperature
This is a collection of temperature conversion formulas and comparisons among eight different temperature scales, several of which have long been obsolete.
  • 562
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Image-Guided Surgical and Pharmacotherapeutic Routines
Medical procedures have moved from a direct fully invasive “hand-eye” pairing process to a minimal invasive (MI) process with robot-imaging pairing in a closed-loop treatment architecture. Acts related to the invasive nature mainly concern surgical interventions (SIs) and the restricted dispensing of drugs. Currently, both of these procedures can use MI image-guided (IG) robotics, which enables patient comfort and safety, and medical staff accuracy and efficiency.
  • 402
  • 15 Dec 2023
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