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Topic Review
Paraprobiotics in Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy
Periodontal disease represents a progressive destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. Recently, paraprobiotics are regarded as an adjunctive therapy to non-surgical periodontal therapy (Scaling and Root Planing, SRP). Paraprobiotics are defined as “inactivated microbial cells (non-viable) that confer a health benefit to the consumer" and their use for oral health deserves to be further tested. 
  • 583
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Development of Resin Infiltration
The resin infiltration (RI) technique was introduced as one of the minimal intervention dentistry strategies in addressing dental caries among the paediatric population. This technique used the low-viscosity resin monomer to infiltrate the non-cavitated carious lesion and other developmental enamel porosities, thus allowing the conservation of the tooth structure.
  • 582
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Short Implants in Sites without Bone Augmentation
Moderate evidence exists suggesting that short implants perform as well as longer ones in the rehabilitation of edentulous sites without the need for bone augmentation. Further long-term, well-designed RCTs, however, are still needed to provide specific evidence-based clinical recommendations for extended use of short implants in non-atrophic sites. 
  • 581
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Gastrodin for Osteoporosis Treatment
Gastrodin, a traditional Chinese medicine ingredient, is widely used to treat vascular and neurological diseases. However, recently, an increasing number of studies have shown that gastrodin has anti-osteoporosis effects, and its mechanisms of action include its antioxidant effect, anti-inflammatory effect, and anti-apoptotic effect. In addition, gastrodin has many unique advantages in promoting bone healing in tissue engineering, such as inducing high hydrophilicity in the material surface, its anti-inflammatory effect, and pro-vascular regeneration.  Gastrodin promotes the viability and osteogenic differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells, preosteoblasts, and periodontal stem cells, and inhibits osteoclast differentiation, thereby improving bone formation and reducing bone loss.
  • 577
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles for Dental Pulp and Periodontal Regeneration
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bound particles derived from their original cells, which play critical roles in intercellular communication through their cargoes, including protein, lipids, and nucleic acids. Status of EVs in pulp/periodontal tissue regeneration and the potential mechanisms are discussed.
  • 574
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Technologies for Dentin Caries Detection
To enable conservative caries management, it is imperative that caries are detected at a non-cavitated stage. Non-cavitated caries lesions (NCCLs) have the surface of enamel still intact but in depth they can reach the enamel or dentin level. The shortcomings of traditional visual and radiographic methods to detect NCCLs highlight the need for further investigation of alternative methods for caries detection.
  • 572
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Solvents in Non-Surgical Endodontic Retreatment
Non-surgical endodontic retreatment is a reliable conservative option for managing post-treatment apical periodontitis. However, effective microbial control, based on the maximization of filling removal and disinfection protocols, is not yet predictable. Traditional gutta-percha solvents, which are indistinctively used for both the core and sealer filling materials, became obsolete due to unprecedented advances in endodontic technology. Nonetheless, microtomography, scanning electronic microscopy findings, and histobacteriological analysis tend to confirm the persistence of filling materials and the lack of association between root canal enlargement and superior disinfection. There is a controversy regarding the most suitable clinical protocols surrounding the shaping procedures and the supplementary disinfection steps.
  • 572
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Reducing Antifungal Resistance in Dentistry with Phytotherapy
Microorganisms of fungal origin currently show resistance to the different antifungals of conventional use, which is undoubtedly altering the oral health of human beings, but there are new therapeutic possibilities such as the active principles of various natural species. In this situation, a therapeutic option of great validity could be the use of various active components that are found in different vegetable species, which is an alternative that might decrease both the side effects that are present when using conventional drugs and the resistance to different medicines
  • 569
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Professionally applied fluorides
Professionally applied topical fluorides are used by a dental professional in the dental office to protect the oral health of children and adults, particularly for patients at greater risk. They could be in the form of a gel, varnish, foam, or mouthrinse.  Preventive fraction (PF) is a method used to measure the effectiveness of these products in preventing caries. PF is a percentual ratio computed as the difference between increment or prevalence in the control sample and study sample divided by the increment or prevalence in the control sample.
  • 568
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Anti-tumor Photodynamic Therapy
Anti-tumor photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a unique oxidative stress-based modality that has proven highly effective on a variety of solid malignancies. Endogenous nitric oxide (NO) has a critical role in the therapeutic outcome of this modality.
  • 565
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin D in Oral Diseases Development
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble secosteroid that plays a significant role in the whole body, including the maxillofacial region. The discovery of its receptors in many cells and organs made it possible to reveal the participation of vitamin D not only in the regulation of calcium phosphate metabolism, but also in immune processes, in providing anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, slowing down cell proliferation and stimulating differentiation. In this literature review, we demonstrate the association between low vitamin D levels and the development of recurrent aphthous stomatitis, the course and response to treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, the severity of periodontal diseases, and the processes of osseointegration and bone remodeling during dental implantation and guided tissue regeneration. 
  • 564
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Compromised Teeth Preserve or Extract
Prognosis involves “the prediction of the course or outcome of an existing disease, based on empirical information, as well as the ability to recover from the disease”. In dentistry, the predictive probability of dental mortality is based on the stability of the supporting tissues.
  • 564
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Oral Candidosis
Oral candidosis is the most common fungal infection that frequently occurs in patients debilitated by other diseases or conditions. No candidosis happens without a cause; hence oral candidosis has been branded as a disease of the diseased. Prior research has identified oral candidosis as a mark of systemic diseases, such as hematinic deficiency, diabetes mellitus, leukopenia, HIV/AIDS, malignancies, and carbohydrate-rich diet, drugs, or immunosuppressive conditions. An array of interaction between Candida and the host is dynamic and complex. Candida exhibits multifaceted strategies for growth, proliferation, evasion of host defenses, and survival within the host to induce fungal infection. 
  • 563
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Fluoride (NaF) in Dentistry
Fluoride is well known for its use in the treatment of dental caries, either systemically or topically. Fluoride intake (such as in drinking water, fluoridated toothpaste, or fluoride supplements) is the cornerstone to preventing dental caries in adults and children. Fluoride prevents dental caries by slowing down the demineralization of enamel, which is caused by the interaction between dental plaque and dental hard tissues. Fluoride may inhibit tooth decay by 40–60% by co-precipitating calcium and phosphate ions and by enhancing the precipitation of fluoridated apatite. Fluoride is also found deposited as calcium fluoride in dental plaque, which helps to prevent dental caries.
  • 563
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Porphyromonas gingivalis on Biomaterials
It was found that Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) was frequently found at the peri-implantitis site. P. gingivalis is a Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic, non-motile, and non-spore-forming bacterium with several virulence factors: hyaluronidase and chondroitin sulfatase enzymes, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) capsule, fimbriae, collagenase, and aminopeptidase.
  • 562
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of Jaw (MRONJ)
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a serious adverse reaction of antiresorptive and antiangiogenic agents, and it is also a potentially painful and debilitating condition.
  • 561
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients
Smell and taste dysfunction are frequently reported by SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. The degree of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction varies from a very mild reduction to their complete loss.
  • 560
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Biomechanical Aspects at Dental Implant-Abutment Interfaces
The interface between a dental implant and an abutment is stabilized by two mechanical characteristics: a preload of an abutment screw and the friction between the contact surfaces of the implant and the abutment. These mechanical properties are quantitatively analyzed by using physical and mechanical formulas. The important thing is that such mechanical properties cause various biological phenomena when medical devices are inserted into human bodies. Some mechanical complications in dental implant prostheses are closely associated with biological complications.
  • 560
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Toothpaste and Surface Roughness of Resin-Contained Dental Materials
Ceramic is the most used material for esthetic restorations in fixed prosthodontics. Surface roughness, translucency, resistance to wear, and mechanical properties are the main investigated characteristics of the ceramic surface. The surface roughness is one of the factors that influenced the clinical survival of prosthetic rehabilitation, optical properties, wear of the antagonist teeth, and initiation of cracks. Different factors influenced the surface roughness of the prosthetic materials, but the effect of brushing or polishing with toothpaste or prophylactic polishing pastes could be considered as one of the factors.
  • 559
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Periodontitis Classification, Clinical Features and Diagnosis
Periodontitis is a clinical condition where there is chronic inflammation of the periodontium, resulting in the loss of the periodontal ligament and damage to the surrounding alveolar bone. Various microorganisms have been linked to periodontitis. Chronic inflammation is responsible for various complications which are seen in periodontitis cases. For better treatment and diagnosis, it is important to understand the association of periodontitis with other systemic diseases.
  • 555
  • 31 Oct 2022
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