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Topic Review
Outcomes of Titanium and Zirconia Implant Abutments
The characteristics of the implant prosthetic abutment are an influential factor which may impact early bone remodeling and soft tissue integration. The abutment material influences the response of both the soft and hard tissues surrounding an implant, making the choice of the prosthetic abutment a crucial phase for the success of implant-supported rehabilitations.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Morphology of Impacted Maxillary Central Incisors
There is no difference between impacted teeth and their contralateral crowns, or a minor decrease in impacted maxillary central incisors (ICI) crown length (from 0.15 to 0.56 mm). The root lengths of impacted maxillary central incisors were considerably shorter than contralateral incisors (from 2.13 to 3.22 mm) and, as dental age increased, root growth decreased and the incidence of root dilaceration was more frequent.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Warthin’s Tumor
Warthin’s tumor is the second most frequent neoplasm next to pleomorphic adenoma in the salivary gland, mostly in the parotid gland. The epithelial cells constituting a tumor are characterized by the presence of mitochondria that undergo structural and functional changes, resulting in the development of oncocytes. 
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles for Dental Pulp and Periodontal Regeneration
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bound particles derived from their original cells, which play critical roles in intercellular communication through their cargoes, including protein, lipids, and nucleic acids. Status of EVs in pulp/periodontal tissue regeneration and the potential mechanisms are discussed.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Microbiome of Peri-Implantitis
This entry aimed to systematically compare microbial profiles of peri-implantitis to those of periodontitis and healthy implants. Therefore, an electronic search in five databases was conducted. For inclusion, studies assessing the microbiome of peri-implantitis in otherwise healthy patients were considered. Literature was assessed for consistent evidence of exclusive or predominant peri-implantitis microbiota. Of 158 potentially eligible articles, data of 64 studies on 3730 samples from peri-implant sites were included in this study. Different assessment methods were described in the studies, namely bacterial culture, PCR-based assessment, hybridization techniques, pyrosequencing, and transcriptomic analyses. After analysis of 13 selected culture-dependent studies, no microbial species were found to be specific for peri-implantitis. After assessment of 28 studies using PCR-based methods and a meta-analysis on 19 studies, a higher prevalence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia (log-odds ratio 4.04 and 2.28, respectively) was detected in peri-implantitis biofilms compared with healthy implants. Actinomyces spp., Porphyromonas spp. and Rothia spp. were found in all five pyrosequencing studies in healthy-, periodontitis-, and peri-implantitis samples.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Complicated Ocular Disorders
Apart from the more common ocular disorders, there are some genetic diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, that develop ocular disorders as secondary effects as long as the disease progresses. In those cases, Magnetic Nanoparticles can be used as potent drug carriers and magnetic hyperthermia agents due to their response to an external magnetic field. 
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
COVID and Dentistry
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, whose first case was reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. In January 2021, the pandemic is still ongoing and is getting worse [1]. Dental surgery is considered to be a profession at high risk for being infected, and therefore transmitting SARS-CoV-2. Our professional practice was disrupted by lockdowns, resulting in reduced activity, new dental protocols and additional costs for staff protective equipment. This has caused unexpected financial difficulties for many dental practitioners. Even with treatments or vaccines, our professional practice will probably never revert back to the previous situation, as the new constraints may become permanent.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Pulpotomy
Pulpotomy has long been the most indicated vital pulp procedure in primary molars with extensive caries. The success of a pulpotomy is highly technique sensitive and it depends upon many factors, such as diagnosis accuracy, caries excavation method, pulp dressing material, quality of the final restoration and operator experience.
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Non-Plaque Induced Diffuse Gingival Overgrowth
Non-plaque-induced gingival overgrowth (NPIGO) is part of a heterogeneous class of rare gingival modifications, due to a wide range of systemic conditions.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Solvents in Non-Surgical Endodontic Retreatment
Non-surgical endodontic retreatment is a reliable conservative option for managing post-treatment apical periodontitis. However, effective microbial control, based on the maximization of filling removal and disinfection protocols, is not yet predictable. Traditional gutta-percha solvents, which are indistinctively used for both the core and sealer filling materials, became obsolete due to unprecedented advances in endodontic technology. Nonetheless, microtomography, scanning electronic microscopy findings, and histobacteriological analysis tend to confirm the persistence of filling materials and the lack of association between root canal enlargement and superior disinfection. There is a controversy regarding the most suitable clinical protocols surrounding the shaping procedures and the supplementary disinfection steps.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Short Implants in Sites without Bone Augmentation
Moderate evidence exists suggesting that short implants perform as well as longer ones in the rehabilitation of edentulous sites without the need for bone augmentation. Further long-term, well-designed RCTs, however, are still needed to provide specific evidence-based clinical recommendations for extended use of short implants in non-atrophic sites. 
  • 1.0K
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Oral Papillomatosis
Oral papilloma lesions may appear as a result of HPV infection, or not, and only special molecular methods could differentiate them. Low-risk and high-risk HPV types could induce oral HPV papillomatosis with different natural evolution, clearance and persistence mechanisms. The pathogenic mechanisms are based on the crosstalk between the oral epithelial and immune cells and this very efficient virus. According to the degree of malignity, three types of papillomatous lesions can be described in the oral cavity: benign lesions, potential malign disorders and malignant lesions. The precise molecular diagnostic is important to identify the presence of various virus types and also the virus products responsible for its oncogenicity. An accurate diagnostic of oral papilloma can be established through a good knowledge of etiological and epidemiological factors, clinical examination and laboratory tests. 
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Sjögren’s Syndrome-Related Organs Fibrosis
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a systemic chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of salivary glands (SGs) and lacrimal glands, causing glandular damage. The disease shows a combination of dryness symptoms found in the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and vagina, representing a systemic disease. The data in the literature relating to organ fibrosis correlated with SS are presented. The phenomenon has been extensively studied in SGs, where the molecular mechanisms that could trigger fibrosis are known and have been correlated with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cases of secondary fibrosis have also been observed, which could be correlated with the state of chronic inflammation that characterizes SS.
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Dental Tissue Small Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound bilayered lipid particles that are secreted from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, carrying a cargo of biological molecules (i.e., protein, nucleic acid, lipids and metabolites) from their parent cells. Dental tissue-derived (or stem) cells have remarkable characteristics for therapeutic application, being easily accessible and a rich source of stem cells with a well-known regenerative capacity. A great variety of multipotent adult or postnatal stem cells can be retrieved from dental tissues, especially from periodontal tissue and dental pulp from extracted permanent teeth (dental pulp stem cells—DPSCs) and exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). Stem cells can be obtained from dental apical papilla tissues (SCAP) and dental follicles (DFSCs, or DFCs) of the developing tooth. Importantly, EV that is derived from these cells can be detected within periodontal tissues and biofluid (i.e., gingival crevicular fluid).
  • 996
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Functions of Astrocytes after a Brain Disease
Neurons and glia (astrocytes, radial glia, oligodendroglia, and microglia) are the neural cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Glial cells have different functions; microglia are the resident macrophages in the CNS, oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelin production, NG2-positive glia is consistent with an oligodendrocyte progenitor function, and astrocytes play an important role both in homeostasis and in diseases. 
  • 993
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Pulp Inflammation and Regeneration
The role of inflammatory mediators in dental pulp is unique. The local environment of pulp responds to any changes in the physiology that are highly fundamental, like odontoblast cell differentiation and other secretory activity. 
  • 985
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Selective Antimicrobial Therapies for Periodontitis
Traditional antimicrobial therapies for periodontitis (PD) have long focused on non-selective and direct approaches that give  immediate though short lived clinical improvements. Professional cleaning of the subgingival biofilm by instrumentation of dental root surfaces, known as scaling and root planning (SRP), is the mainstay of periodontal therapy and is indisputably effective. Non-physical approaches, used as adjuncts to SRP, such as chemical and biological agents, will be the focus of this review. We will review traditional antibiotic and antiseptic approaches,  but will emphasize immunotherapeutic agents under development that indirectly inhibit microbial colonization/growth and/or bone loss by reducing inflammation. Moreover, those agents that have clear molecular targets and defined mechanisms of action will be stressed.   Many of these 'host modulation' agents,  have only become possible through decades of research on host-pathogen interactions and the immunopathogenesis of PD. More investment in such approaches is warranted and a goal worth pursuing given the tremendous benefits selective approaches might offer to patients with periodontitis.
  • 982
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Prevalence and Features of Oral Lesions in COVID-19
Regardless of rapidly emerging findings on oral lesions described in adult SARS-CoV-2-positive subjects, the evidence level remains quite low and rather contrasting. It is well known that multiple viral pathogens, first of all, Herpes and human Papilloma viruses, are directly responsible for the genesis of benign, potentially malignant and malignant lesions of the oral mucosa, underlining the necessity to examine the potential causative role of SARS-CoV-2 in oral lesions. 
  • 982
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Endodontic Microsurgery
Endodontic microsurgery (EMS) aims to eradicate the sources of infection once the apical root resection removes most of the infected anatomical structures and repairs potential procedural errors in the apical region. This surgical procedure is characterized by the use of an operating microscope which improves illumination and magnification, thus allowing to meticulously identify apical anatomy and examine the resected root surface. EMS also demands the use of ultrasonic devices to perform root-end preparation. An additional feature of microsurgery is the absence or minimal bevel of the root respected surface, to decrease the amount of dentinal tubules exposed to microbial leakage.
  • 980
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Endotoxin-Secreting Bacteria in Periodontal Disease
The LPS is recognized by the complex TLR4/MD2, mediated by CD14 and accessory protein LBP, which induces the activation of several transcriptional regulators like factor nuclear kB (NF-kB), activator protein 1 (AP-1) and interferon (IFN) regulatory factors, leading to the expression of genes involved in the host immune response.
  • 974
  • 13 Sep 2021
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