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Topic Review
Surgical Management of Rectal Cancer
Successful oncologic resection in rectal cancer relies on the surgical tenants of wide local excision of the disease to establish clear margin status and resection of adequate lymph nodes for staging. The introduction of, and adherence to, complete total mesorectal excision, which is the resection of the total mesorectal envelope containing the local lymphatic drainage of the rectum, has contributed a large part to the improved operative outcomes and long-term survival for rectal cancer patients. Notably, total mesorectal excision has produced a notable reduction in rectal cancer recurrence by 30 to 40%.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Physical Education Tool Finder
Technological advances allow the creation of tools, Apps or materials that are put at the service of teachers. Physical Education Tool Finder is an innovative and easy-to-use educational resource. It provides the search for evaluation instruments in Physical Education, related to attitudes, values, sports, health and body image, among other contents.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Mechanotransduction in Skin and Wounds
Skin injury is a common occurrence and mechanical forces are known to significantly impact the biological processes of skin regeneration and wound healing. Immediately following the disruption of the skin, the process of wound healing begins, bringing together numerous cell types to collaborate in several sequential phases. These cells produce a multitude of molecules and initiate multiple signaling pathways that are associated with skin disorders and abnormal wound healing, including hypertrophic scars, keloids, and chronic wounds. Studies have shown that mechanical forces can alter the microenvironment of a healing wound, causing changes in cellular function, motility, and signaling. A better understanding of the mechanobiology of cells in the skin is essential in the development of efficacious therapeutics to reduce skin disorders, normalize abnormal wound healing, and minimize scar formation.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
19p13.13 Deletion Syndrome
19p13.13 deletion syndrome is a condition that results from a chromosomal change in which a small piece of chromosome 19 is deleted in each cell. The deletion occurs on the short (p) arm of the chromosome at a position designated p13.13
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Data Used in Urban Flooding Management
Data-driven approaches to urban flooding management require a comprehensive understanding of how heterogenous data are leveraged in tackling this problem.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Electrochemical Signal Amplification in Olfactory and Taste Evaluation
Biosensors are powerful analytical tools used to identify and detect target molecules. Electrochemical biosensors, which combine biosensing with electrochemical analysis techniques, are efficient analytical instruments that translate concentration signals into electrical signals, enabling the quantitative and qualitative analysis of target molecules. Electrochemical biosensors have been widely used in various fields of detection and analysis due to their high sensitivity, superior selectivity, quick reaction time, and inexpensive cost. However, the signal changes caused by interactions between a biological probe and a target molecule are very weak and difficult to capture directly by using detection instruments. Therefore, various signal amplification strategies have been proposed and developed to increase the accuracy and sensitivity of detection systems. 
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Scroll Lock
Scroll lock (⤓ or ⇳) is a lock key (typically with an associated status light) on most IBM-compatible computer keyboards. Depending on the operating system, it may be used for different purposes and applications may assign functions to the key or change their behaviour depending on its toggling state. The key is not frequently used, and therefore some reduced or specialized keyboards lack altogether. Pressing performs the same function as pressing . This behavior is a remnant of the original IBM PC keyboards, which did not have a dedicated key. Instead, they assigned the Pause function to and the Break function to .
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Moog Modular Synthesizer
A Moog modular synthesizer is a monophonic analog modular synthesizer developed by the American electronic instrument pioneer Dr. Robert Moog. Many different models were manufactured by R.A. Moog Co. (Moog Music after 1972) from 1965–80.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Confined Environment Psychology
Confined environment psychology is a refined subcategory of environmental psychology. There can be severe neurological impacts upon remaining in a confined environment over a prolonged period of time. Confined environment psychology can come in different forms, including; by location and lack of or limited human interaction. The broad subcategory also includes the effects of social isolation on animals. Behavioural and Neurological impacts of confined environments Solitary confinement and isolation can have severe psychological effects and is heavily dependent on the extent of isolation, particularly for prisoners. A study conducted by Stuart Grassian stated some of the behavioural effects of solitary confinement and isolation include agitative behaviour, hallucinations and restlessness. Solitary confinement and isolation can disrupt the function of neurotransmitter systems, which result in unusual behaviour. Mice experience similar behaviour to humans, including agitation and aggression, fear and hypersensitivity to unfamiliar objects that are viewed as a threat. Neurologically, chronic social isolation for mice activates a neuropeptide found in the central nervous system known as tachykinin. Tachykinin (also known as the TACC2 gene for mice) is produced in the amygdala and hypothalamus of a mouse's brain. These regions of the mouse brain directly control the behaviour of mice emotionally and socially. Suppressing certain neurochemicals can have an adverse effect on the behaviour of mice.
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Hydrogen Production Methods
Numerous environmental problems, which include global warming, acid rain, and stratospheric ozone depletion, have been brought on by the transformation, production, and consumption of energy. The quest for a substitute and more efficient sources of energy has been prompted by the potential scarcity of fossil fuels and concerns about the environment. The energy carrier hydrogen (H2) seems to have a lot of potential for significantly contributing to increased sustainability and environmental performance. Despite the fact that tackling future energy problems calls for a variety of strategies, many believe H2 will play a significant role, in part because it does not produce greenhouse gases when it is oxidised.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Approaches to Preceramic Polymer Fiber Fabrication
The demand for lightweight, high-modulus, and temperature-resistant materials for aerospace and other high-temperature applications has contributed to the development of ceramic fibers that exhibit most of the favorable properties of monolithic ceramics. The preceramic polymer requirements for a fiber concoction include: (1) appropriate rheology for non-Newtonian flows of materials and appropriate viscosity during rotation; (2) reactivity to fuse the fibers for subsequent pyrolysis; (3) controlled degradation during pyrolysis to prevent disorders of the structure, such as scattered material, and to produce high-density fibers with high ceramic performance; (4) controlled formation of nano- or microstructures.
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Electroreduction of CO2 toward High Current Density
Carbon dioxide (CO2) electroreduction offers an attractive pathway for converting CO2 to valuable fuels and chemicals. Despite the existence of some excellent electrocatalysts with superior selectivity for specific products, these reactions are conducted at low current densities ranging from several mA cm−2 to tens of mA cm−2, which are far from commercially desirable values. To extend the applications of CO2 electroreduction technology to an industrial scale, long-term operations under high current densities (over 200 mA cm−2) are desirable.
  • 1.6K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Developments in FRET- and BRET-Based Biosensors
Resonance energy transfer technologies have achieved great success in the field of analysis. Particularly, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) provide strategies to design tools for sensing molecules and monitoring biological processes, which promote the development of biosensors.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Ground-to-Air Heat Exchanger
The thermal comfort of indoor environments is generally produced by conventional Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, which are highly energy-intensive and contribute significantly to making buildings responsible for around 20–40% of global energy consumption in developed countries, surpassing in many cases other important sectors such as industry and transport.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Bond standard test alternative procedures
Alternative procedure to the Bond standard test is based on determining the grindability of an unknown ore by comparing it to the grindability behaviour of a reference ore. It can be performed in any laboratory ball mill, but it requires a reference sample ore for which wi is known.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Flow analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis
Flow analysis is the science of performing quantitative analytical chemistry in flowing streams. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an analytical method that separates ions in a narrow channel. Separation is based on ions electrophoretic mobility with the use of an applied voltage. Because of its efficiency and speed of analysis, capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a prospective method for the monitoring of a flow composition withdrawn from various processes (e.g., occurring in bioreactors, fermentation, enzymatic assays, and microdialysis samples).
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Sep 2021
Topic Review
α-Synuclein
The α-syn, encoded by the SNCA1/PARK1 gene, is a ubiquitous protein that is abundantly expressed in kidneys and blood cells, but highly enriched in the brain, particularly in the presynaptic terminals of the neocortex, hippocampus, substantia nigra (SN), thalamus, and cerebellum. Interestingly, it has been found expressed in the cytoplasm of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in healthy individuals.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Food Insecurity Is Associated with Cognitive Function
Food insecurity (FI) has negative implications across the life course that include poor health outcomes among both children and adults. However, the behavioral mechanisms by which FI impacts health behaviors are not clear. 
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Synthesis of Ferrocenyl Phosphorhydrazone Dendrimers
The discovery of ferrocene is often associated with the rapid growth of organometallic chemistry. Dendrimers are highly branched macromolecules that can be functionalized at will at all levels of their structure. The functionalization of dendrimers with ferrocene derivatives can be carried out easily as terminal functions on the surface, but also at the core, or at one or several layers inside the structure. Depending on the desired location of the ferrocenes in the structure of phosphorhydrazone dendrimers, the ferrocenes should be functionalized differently. For the grafting to the surface, the ferrocene should bear a phenol group, suitable to react in substitution reactions with the P(S)Cl2 terminal groups of the dendrimers. To be used as core, the ferrocene should have two aldehyde functions, from which the synthesis of the dendrimer will be carried out. To be introduced in the branches, at all layers or within a single layer, the ferrocene should replace hydroxybenzaldehyde; thus, it should bear both a phenol and an aldehyde.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Biblical Software
Biblical software or Bible software is a group of computer applications designed to read, study and in some cases discuss biblical texts and concepts. Biblical software programs are similar to e-book readers in that they include digitally formatted books, may be used to display a wide variety of inspirational books and Bibles, and can be used on portable computers. However, biblical software is geared more toward word and phrase searches, accessing study bible notes and commentaries, referencing various modern translations, cross-referencing similar passages and topics, biblical dictionaries, original language texts and language tools, maps, charts, and other e-books deemed relevant to understanding texts from a philological approach. Bible software varies in complexity and depth, depending on the needs of users, just as the purposes of the users vary from devotional reading and personal study to lesson and sermon preparation, inspirational publishing and even further research tools and translations. Basic Bible software is typically aimed at mobile phones, and is designed to simply display the text of a single Bible translation, with word and phrase searches as the only available tool. More advanced packages run on personal computers and boast far more features, display a wider variety of theological resources (see above), and may offer features such as synopses and harmonies of the Gospel narratives, morphological and syntactical searches of original texts, sentence diagramming, user notes, manual and dynamic highlighting, lectionary viewers, etc.
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Nov 2022
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