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Topic Review
Candidate Proteome-Based Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss. Early and accurate diagnosis of AD is crucial for implementing timely interventions and developing effective therapeutic strategies. Proteome-based biomarkers have emerged as promising tools for AD diagnosis and prognosis due to their ability to reflect disease-specific molecular alterations. 
  • 999
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Gap junctions (GJ)
Gap junctions (GJ) are specialized cell-cell contacts formed by connexins (Cx), which provide direct communication between adjacent cells, allowing for the passage of small molecules and ions. GJ intercellular communication can be modulated through gating of the channel pore and also through mechanisms that regulate the amount of connexin-containing channels at the plasma membrane
  • 998
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Autocrine TGF-β
TGF-β is a powerful inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a differentiation switch that is required for transitory invasiveness of carcinoma cells, the generation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), and phenotypic plasticity, eventually resulting in tumor heterogeneity and resistance to standard chemotherapies.
  • 998
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Proteasome-Associated Deubiquitinases
The 26S proteasome is the principal protease for regulated intracellular proteolysis. This multi-subunit complex is also pivotal for clearance of harmful proteins that are produced throughout the lifetime of eukaryotes. Recent structural and kinetic studies have revealed a multitude of conformational states of the proteasome in substrate-free and substrate-engaged forms. These conformational transitions demonstrate that proteasome is a highly dynamic machinery during substrate processing that can be also controlled by a number of proteasome-associated factors. Essentially, three distinct family of deubiquitinases–USP14, RPN11, and UCH37–are associated with the 19S regulatory particle of human proteasome. USP14 and UCH37 are capable of editing ubiquitin conjugates during the process of their dynamic engagement into the proteasome prior to the catalytic commitment. In contrast, RPN11-mediated deubiquitination is directly coupled to substrate degradation by sensing the proteasome’s conformational switch into the commitment steps. 
  • 998
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Haptoglobin as Glioblastoma marker
Haptoglobin (Hp) is a blood plasma glycoprotein that plays a critical role in tissue protection and the prevention of oxidative damage. Haptoglobin is an acute-phase protein, its concentration in plasma changes in pathology, and the test for its concentration is part of normal clinical practice. Haptoglobin is a conservative protein and is the subject of research as a potential biomarker of many diseases, including malignant neoplasms. The Human Hp gene is polymorphic and controls the synthesis of three major phenotypes—homozygous Hp1-1 and Hp2-2, and heterozygous Hp2-1, determined by a combination of allelic variants that are inherited. Numerous studies indicate that the phenotype of haptoglobin can be used to judge the individual’s predisposition to various diseases. In addition, Hp undergoes various post-translational modifications (PTMs). Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the most malignant primary brain tumor. In our study, we have analyzed the state of Hp proteoforms in plasma and cells using 1D (SDS-PAGE) and 2D electrophoresis (2DE) with the following mass spectrometry (LC ES-MS/MS) or Western blotting.     
  • 998
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Cardiac Mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles responsible for energy production and various other functions in eukaryotes. In the heart, mitochondria are of pivotal importance due to cardiomyocytes' intrinsic high energy needs. 
  • 997
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Maturation of Mitochondrial [4Fe-4S]-Containing Proteins
The importance of mitochondria in mammalian cells is widely known. Several biochemical reactions and pathways take place within mitochondria: among them, there are those involving the biogenesis of the iron–sulfur (Fe-S) clusters. The latter are evolutionarily conserved, ubiquitous inorganic cofactors, performing a variety of functions, such as electron transport, enzymatic catalysis, DNA maintenance, and gene expression regulation. The synthesis and distribution of Fe-S clusters are strictly controlled cellular processes that involve several mitochondrial proteins that specifically interact each other to form a complex machinery (Iron Sulfur Cluster assembly machinery, ISC machinery hereafter). This machinery ensures the correct assembly of both [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] clusters and their insertion in the mitochondrial target proteins. 
  • 997
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Food Antioxidants and Their Interaction with Human Proteins
Biochemical pathways that sustain life depend on multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributing to aging and/or diseases. Antioxidants are substances able to reduce, prevent, or revert the oxidation of other substances. Food antioxidants can exhibit several modes of action in the body.
  • 997
  • 04 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Hydrogen Sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as an environmental toxin, is now confirmed to be a biological mediator and plays essential roles in normal physiology and in the responses to different stresses. H2S also regulates the responses to oxidative stress by interplaying with reactive oxygen species (ROS) at multiple levels and protects mitochondrial function, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis.
  • 997
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Phytochrome-Interacting Proteins
Phytochromes are photoreceptors of plants, fungi, slime molds bacteria and heterokonts. These biliproteins sense red and far-red light and undergo light-induced changes between the two spectral forms, Pr and Pfr. Photoconversion triggered by light induces conformational changes in the bilin chromophore around the ring C-D-connecting methine bridge and is followed by conformational changes in the protein. For plant phytochromes, multiple phytochrome interacting proteins that mediate signal transduction, nuclear translocation or protein degradation have been identified. Few interacting proteins are known as bacterial or fungal phytochromes.
  • 997
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
DodecaRNAs (doRNAs)
DodecaRNAs (doRNAs) are a family of unusually short RNAs mapping to ribosomal RNA 5.8S, which were named according to the number of core nucleotides (12 nt) their members contain.
  • 996
  • 05 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Liver Diseases
Chronic liver diseases pose a substantial health burden worldwide, with approximately two million deaths each year. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)—valine, leucine, and isoleucine—are a group of essential amino acids that are essential for human health. Despite the necessity of a dietary intake of BCAA, emerging data indicate the undeniable correlation between elevated circulating BCAA levels and chronic liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 
  • 996
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Implications of One-Carbon and Polyamine Metabolism for Cancer
Cancer metabolic reprogramming is essential for maintaining cancer cell survival and rapid replication. A common target of this metabolic reprogramming is one-carbon metabolism which is notable for its function in DNA synthesis, protein and DNA methylation, and antioxidant production. Polyamines are a key output of one-carbon metabolism with widespread effects on gene expression and signaling. One-carbon metabolism includes the methionine cycle, which is linked to the folate cycle, polyamine synthesis, and the trans-sulphuration pathway. 
  • 996
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Placental Lactogen
Placental lactogen (PL) is a peptide hormone classified as a member of a growth hormone gene family. PL is secreted throughout pregnancy by both animal and human specialized endocrine cells. It is involved in the regulation of a range of gestational adaptations.
  • 995
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Carbon Dots-Based Logic Gates
Carbon dots (CDs)-based logic gates are smart nanoprobes that can respond to various analytes such as metal cations, anions, amino acids, pesticides, antioxidants, etc. Most of these logic gates are based on fluorescence techniques because they are inexpensive, give an instant response, and highly sensitive
  • 993
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Myzus persicae Sulzer
The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer), a major and harmful chili aphid usually managed using chemical pesticides, is responsible for massive annual agricultural losses. The efficacy of two protein elicitors, PeaT1 and PeBC1, to stimulate a defensive response against M. persicae in chili was studied in this study.
  • 993
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
High-Density Lipoproteins
The quantity of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) is represented as the serum HDL-C concentration (mg/dL), while the HDL quality manifests as the diverse features of protein and lipid content, extent of oxidation, and extent of glycation. The HDL functionality represents several performance metrics of HDL, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cholesterol efflux activities. The quantity and quality of HDL can change during one’s lifetime, depending on infection, disease, and lifestyle, such as dietary habits, exercise, and smoking. The quantity of HDL can change according to age and gender, such as puberty, middle-aged symptoms, climacteric, and the menopause. HDL-C can decrease during disease states, such as acute infection, chronic inflammation, and autoimmune disease, while it can be increased by regular aerobic exercise and healthy food consumption. Generally, high HDL-C at the normal level is associated with good HDL quality and functionality. 
  • 993
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Biomarker Detection in Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis
Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer, with 1.4 million new cases and over 700,000 deaths per annum. Despite being one of the most common cancers, few molecular approaches to detect CRC exist. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a known serum biomarker that is used in CRC for monitoring disease recurrence or response to treatment. However, it can also be raised in multiple benign conditions, thus having no value in early detection or screening for CRC. Molecular biomarkers play an ever-increasing role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and outcome prediction of disease, however, only a limited number of biomarkers are available and none are suitable for early detection and screening of CRC. A PCR-based Epi proColon® blood plasma test for the detection of methylated SEPT9 has been approved by the USFDA for CRC screening in the USA, alongside a stool test for methylated DNA from CRC cells. However, these are reserved for patients who decline traditional screening methods. There remains an urgent need for the development of non-invasive molecular biomarkers that are highly specific and sensitive to CRC and that can be used routinely for early detection and screening. A molecular approach to the discovery of CRC biomarkers focuses on the analysis of the transcriptome of cancer cells to identify differentially expressed genes and proteins. A systematic search of the literature yielded over 100 differentially expressed CRC molecular markers, of which the vast majority are overexpressed in CRC. In terms of function, they largely belong to biological pathways involved in cell division, regulation of gene expression, or cell proliferation, to name a few. 
  • 993
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
UPS and Ca2+ Signaling
The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is the main proteolytic pathway by which damaged target proteins are degraded after ubiquitination and the recruit of ubiquitinated proteins, thus regulating diverse physiological functions and the maintenance in various tissues and cells. The UPS and Ca2+ signaling are interconnected, since each affects the other. The interconnected nature of these signals plays a critical role in regulating cellular functions. 
  • 993
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Anti-RAS-p21 Peptides from Expression Libraries
X-ray crystallographic structures of wild-type and oncogenic RAS-p21 bound to GDP and GTP suggested that there is an absence of surface-exposed clefts to which drug molecules can bind, suggesting that RAS-p21 may be “undruggable”. This impression has proved false by a series of studies that have resulted in a number of cyclic peptides and small molecules that bind to mutant RAS-p21 proteins in their switch 2 domains in a binding “pocket” involving the switch 2 loop (residues 55–67) and the α-2 helix (residues 67–73). This binding is very much dependent on the specific amino acid substitutions that occur. When these agents bind, they strongly inhibit either GTP-bound RAS-p21 or GDP-RAS-p21. In the former case, GTP-bound RAS-p21 cannot bind to the RBD of ras, and in the latter case, GDP-bound RAS-p21 is “frozen” in an inactivated state such that it cannot exchange GDP for GTP and, since it cannot bind to GTP, it cannot adopt an activated conformation in which it presumably interacts with RAF.
  • 993
  • 29 May 2023
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