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Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment and Early-Stage Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, accounting for more than 1.8 million fatalities each year. It is also the second most frequent type of malignancy, with more than 2.2 million cases diagnosed annually. Recent advances in cancer biology and genomics research have the potential of revealing more biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic, and targeted therapies. A new source of biomarkers are the non-coding RNAs, especially miRNAs.
  • 783
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
MiRNA with impact on ZEB family in Glioma
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex, molecular program that plays an essential part in the progression of epithelial tumours to invasive phenotypes. However, gliomas do not engage in a typical EMT pathway, as these tumours do not originate from classical epithelial tissue. Nevertheless, EMT-like changes, which are the main cause of increased invasiveness, stem cell signature and loss of cell–cell contact, can contribute extensively to increased progression and metastasis also in non-epithelial tumours, including gliomas. Accordingly, EMT-promoting transcription factors (EMT-TFs), such as Snail (SNAI1), Slug (SNAI2), Twist1 and Twist2 appear to play pivotal roles in various aspects of tumourigenic processes. Among them, ZEB family members, such as ZEB1 and ZEB2, i.e., zinc finger E-box binding homeobox proteins, are also important modulators of the molecular network in gliomas with a substantial impact on the proliferation, invasion and migration of tumourigenic cells.
  • 783
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Anti-Tumor and Oncogenic Cytokines in Lung Cancer Patients
Lung cancer is currently the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In recent years, checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy (ICI) has emerged as a new treatment. A better understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TMJ) or the immune system surrounding the tumor is needed. Cytokines are small proteins that carry messages between cells and are known to play an important role in the body’s response to inflammation and infection. Cytokines are important for immunity in lung cancer. They promote tumor growth (oncogenic cytokines) or inhibit tumor growth (anti-tumour cytokines) by controlling signaling pathways for growth, proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis. The immune system relies heavily on cytokines. They can also be produced in the laboratory for therapeutic use. Cytokine therapy helps the immune system to stop the growth or kill cancer cells. Interleukins and interferons are the two types of cytokines used to treat cancer. 
  • 783
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for Body Composition Assessment
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) is a reliable, non-invasive, objective, and cost-effective body composition assessment method, with high reproducibility. 
  • 783
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
TERT Genetic Alterations
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) mutations are reportedly the most frequent somatic genetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 
  • 782
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Radioprotection
CAPE-incorporated nanoparticles of HAsPBPE were fabricated by the nanoprecipitation method and then the organic solvent was removed by dialysis. CAPE-incorporated HAsPBPE nanoparticles have a small particle size of about 80 or 100 nm and they have a spherical shape. When CAPE-incorporated HAsPBPE nanoparticles were irradiated, nanoparticles became swelled or disintegrated and their morphologies were changed. Furthermore, the CAPE release rate from HAsPBPE nanoparticles were increased according to the radiation dose, indicating that CAPE-incorporated HAsPBPE nanoparticles have radio-sensitivity. CAPE and CAPE-incorporated HAsPBPE nanoparticles appropriately prevented radiation-induced cell death and suppressed intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). CAPE and CAPE-incorporated HAsPBPE nanoparticles efficiently improved survivability of mice from radiation-induced death and reduced apoptotic cell death. 
  • 782
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Thrombosis and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Thromboembolism is a common complication in patients with cancer and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Anticancer treatment is a known risk factor of cancer-associated thrombosis. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have become a mainstay of treatment in various cancers. Both venous and arterial thrombosis have been increasingly reported as adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in recent studies, with a cumulative incidence of venous thrombosis to be 5–8% at 6 months and over 10% at 12 months. Additionally, rates of approximately 1–5% for arterial thrombosis were reported at 12 months. Data also showed an association of thromboembolism with adverse survival. Many pertinent clinical questions in this population deserve further investigation, including the risks of thrombosis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors as compared to those with traditional systemic therapy, associated risk factors, and the optimal prevention and treatment strategies.
  • 782
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Normal and Aberrant MiRNA and Alternative Splicing Events
MiRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that play a central role in regulating RNA silencing and gene expression. Alternative splicing increases the diversity of the proteome by producing several different spliced mRNAs from a single gene for translation. MiRNA expression and alternative splicing events are rigorously regulated processes. Dysregulation of miRNA and splicing events promote carcinogenesis and drug resistance in cancers including breast, cervical, prostate, colorectal, ovarian and leukemia. Alternative splicing may change the target mRNA 3′UTR binding site.
  • 782
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
MRI Response Assessment in Glioblastoma Patients Treated
In order to compare responses to different therapies among clinical trials and to differentiate between therapy-induced changes and true tumor progression, reliable response parameters are crucial. MRI scans were evaluated using MacDonald, RANO, Vol-RANO, mRANO, Vol-mRANO and iRANO criteria. Tumor volumes (T1 contrast-enhancing as well as T2/FLAIR volumes) were calculated by semiautomatic segmentation.
  • 782
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Development of the Peritoneal Metastasis
Peritoneal metastasis is a malignant disease which originated from several gastrointestinal and gynecological carcinomas and has been leading to a suffering condition in patients. As people have gradually become more aware of the severity of peritoneal carcinomatosis, new molecular mechanisms for targeting and new treatments have been proposed. 
  • 782
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Medicinal Uses and Benefits of Testolactone
Testolactone is structurally related to testosterone and belongs to the first generation of aromatase inhibitors. It is a non-selective irreversible aromatase enzyme inhibitor that was one of the first steroids used in the clinical treatment of breast cancer. 
  • 782
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Interaction of COVID-19 and Lung Cancer Treatment
SARS-CoV-2 infection has dramatically impacted the real-world management of cancer patients. Given the higher risk of a longer and more severe course of COVID-19 disease in lung cancer patients, oncological services have been profoundly reorganized. The world’s leading professional organizations provided new recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of lung cancer patients during the pandemic. Telemedicine was preferred for non-urgent visits, and screening programs were temporarily suspended, leading to possible diagnostic delays and an estimated increase of cause-specific mortality. The vaccination campaign has definitively inverted this negative trend, with the administration of the booster dose prioritized in frail immune-depressed patients. The efficacy and duration of a humoral immune response in cancer patients still represents an opened question, requiring further investigation in dedicated studies.
  • 781
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Targeting Tyrosine Kinases in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal gynaecological malignancies worldwide. Despite high success rates following first time treatment, this heterogenous disease is prone to recurrence. Oncogenic activity of receptor tyrosine kinases is believed to drive the progression of ovarian cancer. 
  • 781
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Tertiary Lymphoid Strucures
A tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) is a special component in the immune microenvironment that is mainly composed of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), including T cells, B cells, DC cells, and high endothelial venules (HEVs). For cancer patients, evaluation of the immune microenvironment has a predictive effect on tumor biological behavior, treatment methods, and prognosis. As a result, TLSs have begun to attract the attention of researchers as a new potential biomarker. However, the composition and mechanisms of TLSs are still unclear, and clinical detection methods are still being explored. Although some meaningful results have been obtained in clinical trials, there is still a long way to go before such methods can be applied in clinical practice.
  • 781
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Radiotherapy of Orbital and Ocular Adnexa Lymphoma
Orbital and ocular adnexa lymphomas are rare neoplasms confined to the orbital region. The prognosis is generally favorable, with a high proportion of localized disease, indolent clinical course, prolonged disease-free intervals, and low lymphoma-related mortality rate. 
  • 781
  • 14 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Senescence for Myeloid Malignancies
Senescence is a cellular state that is involved in aging-associated diseases but may also prohibit the development of pre-cancerous lesions and tumor growth. Senescent cells are actively secreting chemo- and cytokines, and this senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) can contribute to both early anti-tumorigenic and long-term pro-tumorigenic effects.
  • 780
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Gut Microbiome in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer, accounting for approximately 85–90% of all cases of liver cancer worldwide. The gut microbiome can serve as a potential non-invasive biomarker for early HCC detection and may also impact the effectiveness of immunotherapy in cancer treatment.
  • 780
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Host–Microbiota Interactions in Liver
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a difficult to treat liver cancer that generally arises in individuals suffering from alcoholic or non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Inflammation, tissue injury and fibrosis are important precursors of HCC. Translocation of microbial- and danger-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs and DAMPs) from the gut to the liver elicits profound chronic inflammation, leading to severe hepatic injury and eventually HCC progression. 
  • 780
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Head Neck Cancer Treatment-Related Toxicities
Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) are at high risk of malnutrition, with up to 90% of patients developing this condition. Common treatments used for HNC can often lead to adverse side effects, including oral health conditions, gastrointestinal upsets, and several metabolic changes. Consequently, treatments can cause inadequate nutritional intake, resulting in a reduction in energy consumption, and alterations in energy utilization, contributing to the development of malnutrition. There are interventions available (nutritional, medicinal, and physical therapies) that have demonstrated potential effectiveness in reducing the severity of symptomatic toxicities, reducing the risk of malnutrition, and improving survival outcomes of patients with HNC. Based on the findings of this review, there is an urgent need for the implementation or continuation of multi-disciplinary strategies, as well, as updated and improved guidelines to assist in the prevention and treatment of malnutrition caused by treatment-related toxicities in patients with HNC. 
  • 779
  • 12 Oct 2020
Topic Review
HGSCs Carcinogenic Hypotheses and Origins
Ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSCs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases. They include fallopian-tube-epithelium (FTE)-derived and ovarian-surface-epithelium (OSE)-derived tumors. The risk/protective factors suggest that the etiology of HGSCs is multifactorial.
  • 779
  • 23 Jun 2021
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