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Topic Review
Polycomb-like Proteins in Gene Regulation and Cancer
Polycomb-like proteins (PCLs) are a crucial group of proteins associated with the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and are responsible for setting up the PRC2.1 subcomplex. In the vertebrate system, three homologous PCLs exist: PHF1 (PCL1), MTF2 (PCL2), and PHF19 (PCL3). Although the PCLs share a similar domain composition, they differ significantly in their primary sequence. PCLs play a critical role in targeting PRC2.1 to its genomic targets and regulating the functionality of PRC2. However, they also have PRC2-independent functions. In addition to their physiological roles, their dysregulation has been associated with various human cancers.
  • 795
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Gold Nanoparticles for Cancer Theragnosis
Research on cancer theragnosis with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has rapidly increased, as AuNPs have many useful characteristics for various biomedical applications, such as biocompatibility, tunable optical properties, enhanced permeability and retention (EPR), localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), photothermal properties, and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). AuNPs have been widely utilized in cancer theragnosis, including phototherapy and photoimaging, owing to their enhanced solubility, stability, biofunctionality, cancer targetability, and biocompatibility.
  • 795
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Conventional Therapies in Colorectal Cancer
Biological heterogeneity and low inherent immunogenicity are two features that greatly impact therapeutic management and outcome in colorectal cancer. Despite high local control rates, systemic tumor dissemination remains the main cause of treatment failure and stresses the need for new developments in combined-modality approaches. In this context, cytotoxic agents such as radiation and certain chemotherapeutics can be utilized to enhance the immunogenicity of an otherwise immunologically silent disease and enable responsiveness to immune therapy. Here, we explore the immunological characteristics of colorectal cancer, the effects that standard-of-care treatments have on the immune system, and the opportunities arising from combining immune checkpoint-blocking therapy with immune-modulating conventional treatments.
  • 794
  • 25 Aug 2020
Topic Review
BRAF Mutation in Cutaneous Melanoma
In advanced melanoma, BRAF mutation testing is critical in predicting treatment response with targeted therapy (i.e., BRAF/MEK inhibitors). Certain features were identified in melanomas that harbor BRAF mutations (e.g., primary lesions located on the trunk, diagnosed in patients <50, visibly pigmented tumors and, at times, with ulceration or specific dermatoscopic features). For select advanced melanoma patients, delays in determining mutational status present a significant barrier to the prompt initiation of treatment.  This can adversely impact patient outcomes, especially in the metastatic setting due to a rapidly progressive disease. Treatment in these cases needs to start promptly by a medical oncologist. Ordering BRAF testing by preceding members of the treating team will allow medical oncologists to initiate treatment at the first visit. According to poor survival outcomes, we propose that patients with thick tumors (>4.0 mm) or >2 mm tumors with ulceration (i.e., stage ≥IIB) should potentially be considered for systemic therapy, thus justifying reflex BRAF testing.
  • 794
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
MRI Response Assessment in Glioblastoma Patients Treated
In order to compare responses to different therapies among clinical trials and to differentiate between therapy-induced changes and true tumor progression, reliable response parameters are crucial. MRI scans were evaluated using MacDonald, RANO, Vol-RANO, mRANO, Vol-mRANO and iRANO criteria. Tumor volumes (T1 contrast-enhancing as well as T2/FLAIR volumes) were calculated by semiautomatic segmentation.
  • 794
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin A and Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most common cancer worldwide with a high recurrence rate, morbidity and mortality. Therefore, chemoprevention and improved treatment of BC are of paramount importance. Epidemiological studies suggest that adequate vitamin A intake may be associated with reduced BC risk. In addition, retinoids, natural and synthetic derivatives of vitamin A, are intensively studied in cancer research due to their antioxidant properties and their ability to regulate cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Findings from in vivo and in vitro models of BC show great potential for the use of retinoids in the chemoprevention and treatment of BC. However, translation to the clinical practice is limited.
  • 793
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Protein SUMOylation in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a highly conserved post-translational modification protein, mainly found in eukaryotes. They are widely expressed in different tissues, including the liver. As an essential post-translational modification, SUMOylation is involved in many necessary regulations in cells. It plays a vital role in DNA repair, transcription regulation, protein stability and cell cycle progression. Increasing shreds of evidence show that SUMOylation is closely related to Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 
  • 793
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoints as Biomarkers of Gastric Cancer
To increase the effectiveness of anticancer therapy based on immune checkpoint (IC) inhibition, some ICs are being investigated in addition to those used in clinic. Increased expression of the most studied ICs—PD-L1, B7-H3, and B7-H4—is associated with poor survival; their inhibition is clinically significant. Expression of IDO1, CD155, and ADAM17 is also associated with poor survival, including gastric cancer (GC). The available data indicate that CD155 and ADAM17 are promising targets for immune therapy. However, the clinical trials of anti-IDO1 antibodies have been unsatisfactory. Expression of Galectin-3 and -9, CEACAM1 and Siglec-15 demonstrates a contradictory relationship with patient survival. In conclusion, in many cases it is important to analyze the expression of other participants of the immune response besides target IC. The PD-L1, B7-H3, B7-H4, IDO1 and ADAM17 may be considered as candidates for prognosis markers for GC patient survival.
  • 793
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
An Alternative Model of Cancer-Related Fatigue
The most notable framework previously proposed to describe complex disease processes is the biopsychosocial model, an inter-disciplinary model that looks at the interconnection between biology, psychology, and socioenvironmental factors. While the biopsychosocial model has played a crucial role in counteracting biological reductionism and progressing towards a more holistic philosophy of human health, it lacks the granularity necessary to understand how various factors contribute to disease. In contrast, the 3P model can be utilized to describe the complex biological and psychological processes underlying cancer-related fatigue. The 3P model postulates that predisposing factors place patients at risk of developing baseline fatigue (e.g., 1. biobehavioral: age, biological sex, genetic variants, metabolomics, inflammation, body composition, nutritional quality, circadian disruption, and co-morbidities; 2. psychosocial: depressed mood, anxiety, insomnia, and perceived stress); precipitating factors spur the onset of fatigue (e.g., changes in metabolism and inflammation due to cancer and/or chemotherapy and treatment-related factors: systemic therapy and radiotherapy); and perpetuating factors worsen fatigue or cause it to become chronic (e.g., poor sleep, physical inactivity, and poor diet). The 3P model has been suggested for better understanding fatigue and successfully applied to other chronic conditions including sleep and pain. 
  • 793
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Highly Differentiated Follicular Carcinoma of Ovarian Origin
Highly differentiated follicular carcinoma of ovarian origin (HDFCO) is an extremely uncommon neoplasm, associated with struma ovarii. There are scarce cases reported in the literature and, subsequently, no reliable conclusions on its pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis can be drawn. 
  • 793
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Immunotherapy for Carcinoid
Carcinoid tumors are a rare subtype of neuroendocrine tumor that arise in a variety of different organs and soft tissue. Explicitly, neuroendocrine tumors are characterized as neoplasms that are of neuroectodermal or epithelial origin and contain neurosecretory granules. Immunotherapy for the treatment of carcinoid tumors may still prove to be a useful treatment modality, particularly in combination with surgery and other pharmacologic regimens, such as somatostatin analogues. 
  • 793
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
The Effects of Radiation on Toll-Like Receptors
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are indispensable for the activation, maintenance and halting of immune responses. TLRs can mediate inflammation by recognizing molecular patterns in microbes (pathogen-associated molecular patterns: PAMPs) and endogenous ligands (danger-associated molecular patterns: DAMPs) released by injured or dead cells. For this reason, TLR ligands have attracted much attention in recent years in many cancer vaccines, alone or in combination with immunotherapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT). 
  • 793
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Risk Factors for Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive malignant neoplastic diseases. The incidence and mortality rates of this disease vary depending on geographical area, which might be explained by the different exposure to risk factors. Currently, the risk factors for pancreatic cancer fall into two broad categories, namely extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Extrinsic factors include alcohol consumption, smoking, a diet rich in saturated fats, and viral infections such as chronic infection with hepatitis B and C viruses. The pathophysiological mechanisms explaining how these hepatotropic viruses contribute to the development of pancreatic cancer are not fully elucidated. The common origin of hepatocytes and pancreatic cells in the multipotent endodermal cells, the common origin of the blood vessels and biliary ducts of the pancreas and the liver, or chronic inflammatory changes may be involved in this interaction.
  • 792
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Targeting Tyrosine Kinases in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal gynaecological malignancies worldwide. Despite high success rates following first time treatment, this heterogenous disease is prone to recurrence. Oncogenic activity of receptor tyrosine kinases is believed to drive the progression of ovarian cancer. 
  • 792
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Injectable Poloxamer Hydrogels for Local Cancer Therapy
The widespread push to invest in local cancer therapies comes from the need to overcome the limitations of systemic treatment options. In contrast to intravenous administration, local treatments using intratumoral or peritumoral injections are independent of tumor vasculature and allow high concentrations of therapeutic agents to reach the tumor site with minimal systemic toxicity. Injectable biodegradable hydrogels offer a clear advantage over other delivery systems because the former requires no surgical procedures and promotes drug retention at the tumor site. More precisely, in situ gelling systems based on poloxamers have garnered considerable attention due to their thermoresponsive behavior, biocompatibility, ease of preparation, and possible incorporation of different anticancer agents.
  • 792
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Radiotherapy of Orbital and Ocular Adnexa Lymphoma
Orbital and ocular adnexa lymphomas are rare neoplasms confined to the orbital region. The prognosis is generally favorable, with a high proportion of localized disease, indolent clinical course, prolonged disease-free intervals, and low lymphoma-related mortality rate. 
  • 792
  • 14 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Radioprotection
CAPE-incorporated nanoparticles of HAsPBPE were fabricated by the nanoprecipitation method and then the organic solvent was removed by dialysis. CAPE-incorporated HAsPBPE nanoparticles have a small particle size of about 80 or 100 nm and they have a spherical shape. When CAPE-incorporated HAsPBPE nanoparticles were irradiated, nanoparticles became swelled or disintegrated and their morphologies were changed. Furthermore, the CAPE release rate from HAsPBPE nanoparticles were increased according to the radiation dose, indicating that CAPE-incorporated HAsPBPE nanoparticles have radio-sensitivity. CAPE and CAPE-incorporated HAsPBPE nanoparticles appropriately prevented radiation-induced cell death and suppressed intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). CAPE and CAPE-incorporated HAsPBPE nanoparticles efficiently improved survivability of mice from radiation-induced death and reduced apoptotic cell death. 
  • 791
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Development of the Peritoneal Metastasis
Peritoneal metastasis is a malignant disease which originated from several gastrointestinal and gynecological carcinomas and has been leading to a suffering condition in patients. As people have gradually become more aware of the severity of peritoneal carcinomatosis, new molecular mechanisms for targeting and new treatments have been proposed. 
  • 791
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Medicinal Uses and Benefits of Testolactone
Testolactone is structurally related to testosterone and belongs to the first generation of aromatase inhibitors. It is a non-selective irreversible aromatase enzyme inhibitor that was one of the first steroids used in the clinical treatment of breast cancer. 
  • 791
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial and fundamental mechanism in many cellular processes, beginning with embryogenesis via tissue remodulation and wound healing, and plays a vital role in tumorigenesis and metastasis formation. EMT is a complex process that involves many transcription factors and genes that enable the tumor cell to leave the primary location, invade the basement membrane, and send metastasis to other tissues. Moreover, it may help the tumor avoid the immune system and establish radioresistance and chemoresistance. It may also change the normal microenvironment, thus promoting other key factors for tumor survival, such as hypoxia-induced factor-1 (HIF-1) and promoting neoangiogenesis. 
  • 791
  • 21 Feb 2024
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