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Topic Review
Risk Factors of Sleep Apnea
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a condition in which there is a recurrent collapse of the upper airway while sleeping, is a widespread disease affecting 5% to 10% people worldwide. Despite several advances in the treatment modalities for OSA, morbidity and mortality remain a concern. Common symptoms include loud snoring, gasping for air during sleep, morning headache, insomnia, hypersomnia, attention deficits, and irritability. Obese individuals, male gender, older age (65+), family history, smoking, and alcohol consumption are well recognized risk factors of OSA.
  • 824
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Human Respiratory Infections in Nigeria
The outbreak of zoonotic diseases presents challenging times for nations and calls for a renewed effort to disrupt the chain of events that precede it. Nigeria’s response to the 2006 bird flu provided a platform for outbreak response, yet it was not its first experience with Influenza. Nigeria’s interest in animal influenza research was triggered by its negative economic consequence on poultry. This is because the poultry industry is a fast-growing sector and an effective tool for poverty alleviation in Nigeria.
  • 820
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Structural Determinants of Child Health in Rural China
Many factors could have led to the relatively poor levels of health among China’s rural children. In addition to the direct income effect on children’s health, children in rural areas face disadvantages compared with their urban counterparts from the beginning of life: Prenatal care and infant health outcomes are worse in rural areas; rural caregivers have poor health outcomes and lack knowledge and support to provide adequate nurturing care to young children; there are large disparities in access to quality health care between rural and urban areas; and rural families are more likely to lack access to clean water and sanitation. 
  • 816
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Revolutionizing Epidemic to Pandemic
Coronavirus belongs to the vast group of viruses, under the family Coronaviridae with the subfamily of Ortocoronavirinae found in the order Nidovirales and realm Riboviria.
  • 815
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer
Germline pathogenic variants in the Breast Cancer Genes 1 (BRCA1) and 2 (BRCA2) are responsible for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) syndrome. Genetic susceptibility to breast cancer accounts for 5–10% of all cases, phenotypically presenting with characteristics such as an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, earlier age of onset, bilateral tumours, male breast cancer, and ovarian tumours, among others. BRCA2 pathogenic variant is usually associated with other cancers such as melanoma, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. Many rearrangements of different mutations were found in both genes, with some ethnic groups having higher frequencies of specific mutations due to founder effects.
  • 804
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Endocrine Disruptors in Cosmetic Products and Regulatory Framework
Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are molecules capable of mimicking the natural hormones of the body and interfering with the endocrine system in both humans and wildlife. Cosmetic products are one source of EDs; these include an extensive variety of personal care and beauty products designed for the skin and hair, as well as makeup. The widespread use of such products has raised concerns about the presence of EDs within them.
  • 799
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Post-COVID-19 Condition
COVID-19 is currently considered a systemic infection involving multiple systems and causing chronic complications. Compared to other post-viral fatigue syndromes, these complications are wider and more intense. The most frequent symptoms are profound fatigue, dyspnea, sleep difficulties, anxiety or depression, reduced lung capacity, memory/cognitive impairment, and hyposmia/anosmia. Risk factors for this condition are severity of illness, more than five symptoms in the first week of the disease, female sex, older age, the presence of comorbidities, and a weak anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. Different lines of research have attempted to explain these protracted symptoms; chronic persistent inflammation, autonomic nervous system disruption, hypometabolism, and autoimmunity may play a role. Due to thyroid high ACE expression, the key molecular complex SARS-CoV-2 uses to infect the host cells, thyroid may be a target for the coronavirus infection. Thyroid dysfunction after SARS-CoV-2 infection may be a combination of numerous mechanisms, and its role in long-COVID manifestations is not yet established. The presence of post-COVID symptoms deserves recognition of COVID-19 as a cause of post-viral fatigue syndrome. It is important to recognize the affected individuals at an early stage so researchers can offer them the most adequate treatments, helping them thrive through the uncertainty of their condition.
  • 797
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
May 21: American Red Cross Founded
A humanitarian organization established by Clara Barton in Washington, D.C., as the American affiliate of the International Red Cross Movement. It was founded to provide emergency assistance, disaster relief, and health education in the United States. Unlike its European counterparts at the time, the American Red Cross also addressed peacetime disasters, reflecting Barton's vision of a broader humanitarian mission. Today, it remains one of the largest nonprofit organizations in the U.S., offering services such as blood donation, disaster response, military support, and public health training.
  • 791
  • 20 May 2025
Topic Review
Sleep Disorders of Child and Mental Health
Some common sleep disorders have been identified and included as childhood sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea, parasomnias, behavioral insomnia, delayed sleep phase disorder, and restless legs syndrome. For adolescent mental health problems, the standard definition and diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 5th Edition (DSM-5) by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) were followed. Common adolescent mental health problems include, but are not limited to: anxiety disorder, mood disorders, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders, and disruptive behavior disorders.
  • 767
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Intestinal Microbiota Modulation in Patients with IBS-C
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain associated with defecation or a change in bowel habits. The pathogenesis of IBS is not completely clear, but it is known to be multifactorial and complex. 
  • 763
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Pneumococcal Disease in High-Risk Adults in Lebanon
Pneumococcal disease is predominantly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and affects people across all ages. The risk of pneumococcal disease increases distinctly with age.
  • 757
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Service-Learning Intervention on Loneliness and Ageism
Service-learning is an effective intervention to solve social issues. Given that the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the loneliness level of everyone and especially senior individuals, this kind of pandemic should not deter people from capitalizing on technology and engaging senior individuals in virtual interactions to alleviate loneliness burden. While the cost of such interaction is minimal, the gain can be substantial given the negative effects of loneliness on health outcomes. Service-learning is a two edged-sword that can both solve a social issue and train students in social engagement. Therefore, college programs with a special focus on social issues could incorporate service-learning in their curriculum as it has proven to be an effective and efficient means to both educate students and solve social issues, such as hunger, racism and discrimination, ageism, poverty, homelessness, physical disability, education, and legislative advocacy.
  • 752
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Autoimmune Diseases and Breastfeeding
The incidence of chronic maternal disease ranges from 10 to 30% of pregnancies worldwide. Several epidemiological studies in mothers with chronic diseases have mainly focused on the risk for adverse obstetric outcomes. Evidence from these studies supports a correlation between maternal chronic conditions and adverse perinatal outcomes, including increased risk for preeclampsia, cesarean section, preterm birth, and admission in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). However, there is a knowledge gap pertaining to the management of these women during lactation.
  • 744
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Spermatozoon Effect on Embryo Development
The intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) technique was invented to solve severe male infertility due to altered sperm parameters. It is applied worldwide for the treatment of couple infertility. ICSI is performed with any available spermatozoon from surgery or ejaculated samples, whatever are the sperm motility, morphology or quantity. The causes of male infertility are crucial in building a competent spermatozoa that will contribute to normal embryonic development and healthy offspring.
  • 742
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Single-Cell RNA Sequencing in Immunology
The immune system comprises many immune cells, including innate and adaptive immune cells. These cells are critical for protecting the host from injuries, infection, and carcinogenesis (i.e., immune surveillance). Improvements in technologies such as microscopy and flow cytometry have accelerated the classification of immune cells. Nevertheless, these methods still have some limitations. The immune system’s complexity, including the heterogeneity, development, differentiation, and microenvironment of immune cells in health and disease, cannot be fully understood using classical theories. A deeper inspection of immunology yields improved immune therapies using advanced technologies. The emergence of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) can revolutionize our understanding of immunology and break through the bottlenecks in immunology. 
  • 740
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Plant-Derived Nanoparticles in Food-Producing Animals
Antibiotics are regularly used in animal husbandry to treat diseases. This practice is beneficial to animals’ health and helps ensure food security. However, the misuse of antibiotics, especially in food-producing animals, has resulted in the advent of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and its dissemination among foodborne pathogens. The occurrence of AMR in bacteria pathogens that cause infections in animals and those associated with food spoilage is now considered a global health concern affecting humans, animals and the environment. The search for alternative antimicrobial agents has kindled the interest of many researchers. Among the alternatives, using plant-derived nanoparticles (PDNPs) for treating microbial dysfunctions in food-producing animals has gained significant attention. In traditional medicine, plant extracts are considered as safe, efficient and natural antibacterial agents for various animal diseases. Given the complexity of the AMR and concerns about issues at the interface of human health, animal health and the environment, it is important to emphasize the role of a One Health approach in addressing this problem.
  • 738
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Techniques of Blood Purification
Even in the absence of strong indications deriving from clinical studies, the removal of mediators is increasingly used in septic shock and in other clinical conditions characterized by a hyperinflammatory response. Despite the different underlying mechanisms of action, they are collectively indicated as blood purification techniques. Their main categories include blood- and plasma processing procedures, which can run in a stand-alone mode or, more commonly, in association with a renal replacement treatment.
  • 734
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Polish Public Health Response to Drinking during Pregnancy
Due to the risks it poses to a child’s health, drinking alcohol during pregnancy is a serious problem that the public health sector is struggling to deal with. The reasons why women who do not have alcohol problems do not give up drinking alcohol completely during pregnancy are still poorly understood. And the knowledge available about them does not translate into communication strategies in Poland. The analysis of standards and examples of good practice allows to formulate proposals for improving the quality and effectiveness of social campaigns addressed to the general population and women of childbearing age in order to reduce the risk associated with the prenatal exposure to alcohol.
  • 730
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Transmastoid Superior Semicircular Canal Plugging for SSCD
The transmastoid plugging of a superior semicircular canal is considered a safe and effective technique for the management of superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD). 
  • 726
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Risk of Hepatitis B Virus in  Africa Region
Chronic hepatitis B caused by persistent infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major public health threat in endemic regions like the World Health Organization (WHO) Africa region. Chronic infection with HBV poses a 15–25% lifetime risk of acquiring liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. This is inversely proportionate to the age of acquisition and in the absence of interventions, ~90% of babies born to mothers testing positive for the hepatitis B surface (HBsAg) or e (HBeAg) antigens will develop chronic infection, raising significant global public health concern. 
  • 724
  • 01 Nov 2023
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