You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Clotting Factor Deficiencies in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
Clotting Factor deficiencies are rare disorders with variations in clinical presentation and severity of symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to mild to life-threatening bleeding. Thus, they pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, mainly for the primary health care providers, general practitioners, and gynecologists who are more likely to first encounter these patients. An additional diagnostic challenge arises from the variable laboratory presentations, as PT, PTT, and BT are not always affected. The morbidity is higher among women of reproductive age since Abnormal Uterine Bleeding–specifically Heavy Menstrual Bleeding–is one of the most prevalent manifestations of these disorders, and in some cases of severe deficiencies has led to life-threatening episodes of bleeding requiring blood transfusions or even immediate surgical intervention. Physician awareness is important as, in the case of some of these disorders–i.e., Factor XIII deficiency–prophylactic treatment is available and recommended.
  • 766
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogenous disease with a broad spectrum of cytogenetic and molecular aberrations contributing to the definition of distinct AML subgroups. Treatment options for patients suffering from AML are continuously expanding and targeted therapies are available for distinct molecularly defined subgroups. Nevertheless, AML treatment remains challenging; in particular, patients with high-risk AML not eligible for intensive treatment or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) are characterized by an unfavorable outcome.
  • 765
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Macrophage–Erythrocyte Interactions in Sickle Cell Disease Erythropoiesis
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited blood disorder caused by a β-globin gene point mutation that results in the production of sickle hemoglobin that polymerizes upon deoxygenation, causing the sickling of red blood cells (RBCs). Macrophages participate in extravascular hemolysis by removing damaged RBCs, hence preventing the release of free hemoglobin and heme, and triggering inflammation. Upon erythrophagocytosis, macrophages metabolize RBC-derived hemoglobin, activating mechanisms responsible for recycling iron, which is then used for the generation of new RBCs to try to compensate for anemia. In the bone marrow, macrophages can create specialized niches, known as erythroblastic islands (EBIs), which regulate erythropoiesis. Anemia and inflammation present in SCD may trigger mechanisms of stress erythropoiesis, intensifying RBC generation by expanding the number of EBIs in the bone marrow and creating new ones in extramedullary sites. 
  • 761
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Gene-Edited-αβ T Cells
Multiple Myeloma (MM), characterized by the progressive accumulation of clonal plasma cells in bone marrow, remains a severe medical problem globally. Almost all MM patients who have received standard treatments will eventually relapse. Autologous anti-BCMA (anti-B cell maturation antigen) chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are one of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved immunotherapy cell-based products for treating adults with relapsed or refractory (r/r) multiple myeloma. However, this type of CAR-T cell product has several limitations, including high costs, long manufacturing times, and possible manufacturing failure, which significantly hinder its wider application for more patients. In general, anti-BCMA CAR gene-edited αβ T cells and CAR-Natural Killer (NK) cells are at the forefront, with multiple clinical trials ongoing, while CAR-γδ T cells and CAR-invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are still in pre-clinical studies. Inactivation of the endogenous TCR (T cell’s receptor) by genome engineering methods is one of the most promising strategies for generating αβ T cells for allogeneic use. 
  • 755
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
CAR T Cell Therapy for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cell therapy is promising for relapse/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. Complete and durable remission of CLL is possible in patients treated with CAR T cells but further investigations are necessary to understand and possibly predict how patient specific factors influence the outcome of this treatment.
  • 750
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Thrombosis and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Thromboembolism is a common complication in patients with cancer and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Anticancer treatment is a known risk factor of cancer-associated thrombosis. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have become a mainstay of treatment in various cancers. Both venous and arterial thrombosis have been increasingly reported as adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in recent studies, with a cumulative incidence of venous thrombosis to be 5–8% at 6 months and over 10% at 12 months. Additionally, rates of approximately 1–5% for arterial thrombosis were reported at 12 months. Data also showed an association of thromboembolism with adverse survival. Many pertinent clinical questions in this population deserve further investigation, including the risks of thrombosis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors as compared to those with traditional systemic therapy, associated risk factors, and the optimal prevention and treatment strategies.
  • 747
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Circulating Biomarkers for B-Cell Progenitor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a hematological disease characterized by the dysfunction of the hematopoietic system that leads to arrest at a specific stage of stem cells development, suppressing the average production of cellular hematologic components. BCP (B-cell progenitor)-ALL is a neoplasm of the B-cell lineage progenitor. BCP-ALL is caused and perpetuated by several mechanisms that provide the disease with its tumor potential and genetic and cytological characteristics. These pathological features are used for diagnosis and the prognostication of BCP-ALL. The BCP-ALL diagnostic protocol is well established. Firstly, it is necessary to demonstrate ≥ 20% lymphoblasts in bone marrow (BM) based on a BPM. Second, a hematopathological review is performed; it comprises a morphological assessment, and flow cytometric and genetic characterization.
  • 747
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Role of MRD Monitoring
Measurable (“minimal”) residual disease (MRD) is defined as the post-therapy persistence of leukemic cells at levels below the morphologic detection limit. Mounting evidence indicates that the presence of MRD is a strong, independent prognostic marker of increased risk of relapse and of shorter survival in patients with acute leukemia compared with patients with a negative MRD test. MRD assessment primarily involves the determination of leukemia-associated immunophenotypic patterns (LAIP) using multiparameter flow cytometry (MCF) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based evaluation of expression levels of leukemia-related genes (specific reciprocal gene rearrangements and other mutation types). In addition, next-generation sequencing and digital PCR may further enrich current MRD-detection methods. Adding the MRD evaluation to other post-treatment assessments could be of help in guiding the post-remission treatment strategies by identifying patients at high risk of relapse who might benefit from pre-emptive therapy. Several studies have clearly shown that treatment is more effective if at molecular relapse with a low disease burden than at overt relapse.
  • 746
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of Deferiprone and the Maltol–Iron Complex
The historical insights and background of the discovery, development and clinical use of deferiprone (L1) and the maltol–iron complex, which were discovered over 40 years ago, highlight the difficulties, complexities and efforts in general orphan drug development programs originating from academic centers. Deferiprone is widely used for the removal of excess iron in the treatment of iron overload diseases, but also in many other diseases associated with iron toxicity, as well as the modulation of iron metabolism pathways. The maltol–iron complex is a recently approved drug used for increasing iron intake in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia, a condition affecting one-third to one-quarter of the world’s population. 
  • 746
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, and Treatment of T-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a rare and aggressive neoplasm of mature T-cells. Most patients with T-PLL present with lymphocytosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and hepatosplenomegaly. Correct identification of T-PLL is essential because treatment for this disease is distinct from that of other T-cell neoplasms.
  • 743
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Follicular Lymphoma and Primary Splenic Lymphoma
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma derived from germinal center B-lymphocytes (centrocytes and centroblasts) that generally has at least a partially follicular/nodular histologic pattern.
  • 741
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
ABCG2 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
ABCG2 is an efflux transporter responsible for inducing multidrug resistance (MDR) in leukemic cells; through its ability to extrude many antineoplastic drugs, it leads to AML resistance and/or relapse. Moreover, ABCG2 may be co-expressed with other MDR-related proteins and is finely regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. 
  • 740
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Bispecific Antibodies in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are molecules that simultaneously bind two different antigens (Ags). Their development represents a very active field in tumor immunotherapy with more than one hundred molecules currently being tested. More specifically, bsAbs have elicited a great interest in the setting of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHLs), where they could represent a viable option for more fragile patients or those resistant to conventional therapies.
  • 738
  • 04 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Immune Landscape in Myelodysplastic Syndromes
The Revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) is used to estimate the MDS patients’ risk of AML progression and overall survival (OS). In clinical settings, patients with an IPSS-R score of 3.5 or less represent a lower-risk MDS group (median survival; 5.9 years), whereas an IPSS-R score > 3.5 falls into the higher-risk MDS group (median survival; 1.5 years). The lower-risk disease is associated with an inflammatory microenvironment and increased cell death, in contrast to higher-risk disease, which is delineated by immunosuppression and clonal expansion. 
  • 735
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Next-Generation Sequencing in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Cytological approaches have long been used in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic neoplasms. Technological advances in molecular biology, in particular next-generation sequencing (NGS), have made it possible to establish a molecular list of several gene mutations in AML and MDS, within a matter of days.
  • 733
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Seroprevalence of Viral Hepatitis B&C
Hepatitis B and C viral infections, which are the most common cause of liver infection worldwide, are major health issues around the globe. People with chronic hepatitis infections remain at risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma, while also being a risk to other diseases. These infections are highly contagious in nature, and the prevention of hepatitis B and C transmission during blood transfusion is a major challenge for healthcare workers. Although epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis B and C infections in blood donors in Saudi Arabia have been previously investigated in multiple studies, due to targeted cohorts and the vast geographical distribution of Saudi Arabia, there are a lot of missing data points, which necessitates further investigations. Aim of the study: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viral infections among blood donors in the northern region of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: To determine the given objectives, a retrospective study was performed which included data gathered from serological as well as nucleic acid test (NAT) screening of blood donors. Clinical data of 3733 blood donors were collected for a period of 2 years (from January 2019 to December 2020) at the blood bank of King Khalid General Hospital and the associated blood banks and donation camps in the region. Statistical analysis of the clinical data was performed using SPSS. Results: The blood samples of 3733 donors were analyzed to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C among the blood donors in the northern region of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Among the total of 3733 blood donors, 3645 (97.65%) were men and 88 (2.36%) were women. Most of the donors were younger than 27 years of age (n = 1494). The most frequent blood group in our study was O-positive (n = 1534), and the least frequent was AB-negative (n = 29). After statistically analyzing the clinical data, we observed that 7 (0.19%), 203 (5.44%) and 260 (6.96%) donor blood samples were positive for the HBV serological markers HBsAgs, HBsAbs and HBcAbs, respectively, and 12 (0.32%) blood samples reacted positively to anti-HCV antibodies. Moreover, 10 (0.27%) and 1 (0.027%) samples were NAT-HBV positive and NAT-HCV positive, respectively. Conclusion: In the current study, low prevalence rates of HBV and HCV were observed in the blood donors. Statistical correlations indicated that both serological tests and NATs are highly effective in screening potential blood donors for HBV and HCV, which, in turn, prevents potential transfusion-transmitted hepatitis. 
  • 732
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Primary Bone Lymphoma
Primary bone lymphoma is a rare neoplasm of malignant lymphoid cells presenting with one or more bone lesions without nodal or other extranodal involvement. It accounts for approximately 1% of all lymphomas and 7% of malignant primary bone tumors.
  • 728
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Primary Vitreoretinal Lymphoma
Intraocular lymphomas (IOLs) include vitreoretinal lymphomas (VRLs) and primary uveal or choroidal lymphomas. VRLs are further subdivided into primary VRLs and secondary VRLs, the latter deriving from systemic lymphomas. Primary uveal or choroidal lymphomas are usually low-grade neoplasms and are frequently extranodal marginal zone lymphomas with very good outcomes, unlike primary vitreoretinal lymphomas (PVRLs) which are high-grade diseases with poor outcomes. Secondary IOLs derive from ocular involvement by systemic lymphomas through haematogenous spread. Systemic lymphomas mainly disseminate to the uvea, due to its rich blood flow. PVRL represents a diagnostic challenge for both clinicians and pathologists, and it is critical, for the patient’s life, to shorten the time between the onset of symptoms often mistaken for chronic uveitis and correct diagnosis. Different laboratory methods are in use to diagnose PVRL. The main employed techniques are described, highlighting the principal diagnostic issues with the different laboratory methods.
  • 727
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bone Marrow Transplantation in Thalassemia
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation remains the only therapy for congenital, severe haemoglobinopathies that is able to reverse the pathological phenotype. In the severe form of thalassemia, regular transfusions are needed early in life. This population of patients could benefit from allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). However, the great efficacy of transplantation must be counterbalanced by the mortality and morbidity related to the procedure. 
  • 727
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Novel Monoclonal Antibodies in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment
NMABs represent a heterogeneous group of agents, including naked antibodies, immunotoxins, and T-cell-engaging molecules. Several NMABs have either gained regulatory approval or are on the verge of introduction into clinical practice, addressing multiple therapeutic indications and treatment regimens. Their anticipated impact is expected to be broad, initially in the context of relapsed/refractory (R/R) disease and subsequently extending to early treatment lines.
  • 722
  • 15 Dec 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 13
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback