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Topic Review
Virus Monitoring Strategies for Wastewater Reuse
Wastewater reclamation and reuse have the potential to supplement water supplies, offering resiliency in times of drought and helping to meet increased water demands associated with population growth. Non-potable water reuse represents the largest potential reuse market. Yet, economic constraints for new water reuse infrastructure and safety concerns due to microbial water quality, especially viral pathogen exposure, limit the widespread implementation of water reuse. Cost-effective, real-time methods to measure or indicate the viral quality of recycled water would do much to instill greater confidence in the practice.  One of the greatest challenges of water-quality monitoring is that pathogens (including viruses as well as bacteria and protozoa) are often present at concentrations high enough to present disease risks but too low for direct detection. As a result, a variety of surrogate microorganisms are used as indicators of microbial water quality. 
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Polyelectrolytes Sorbents used in Advanced Wastewater Treatment
Municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) face great challenges in optimizing technologies and ensuring environmental sustainability, in direct correlation with the increased pollution with emerging and priority compounds, wastewater quality discharged and climate changes challenges. The recent developments on the synthesis and characterization of composites based on polyelectrolytes, are discussed, and a correlation of their actual structure and properties with the adsorption mechanisms and removal efficiencies of various pollutants in aqueous media (priority and emerging pollutants or other model pollutants) are presented.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Geopolymers vs. Cement Matrix Materials
Geopolymers are spreading more and more in the cementitious materials field, exhibiting technological properties that are highly competitive to conventional Portland concrete mixes.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
IoT
This entry presents the problems of powering wireless sensor networks operating in the structures of the Internet of Things (IoT). This issue was discussed on the example of a universal end node in IoT technology containing RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags. The basic methods of signal transmission in these types of networks are discussed and their impact on the basic requirements such as range, transmission speed, low energy consumption, and the maximum number of devices that can simultaneously operate in the network. The issue of low power consumption of devices used in IoT solutions is one of the main research objects. The analysis of possible communication protocols has shown that there is a possibility of effective optimization in this area. The wide range of power sources available on the market, used in nodes of wireless sensor networks, was compared. The alternative possibilities of powering the network nodes from Energy Harvesting (EH) generators are presented.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Hexavalent Chromium Removal by Electrochemical Processes
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a toxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic species. Its origin is in industrial activities. Therefore, its effective control is realized on a source basis. Although chemical methods proved effective in removing Cr(VI) from wastewaters, more economic solutions with a minimum sludge production have been sought. Among them, the use of electrochemical processes has emerged as a viable solution to the problem. Much research was conducted in this area.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Nitrogen Removal in Bioretention System
Bioretention is considered one of the best management practices (BMPS) for managing stormwater quality and quantity. The bioretention system has proven good performance in removing total suspended solids, oil, and heavy metals. The nitrogen (N) removal efficiency of the bioretention system is insufficient, however, due to the complex forms of nitrogen. 
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Recycling
An urgent demand for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is expected in the forthcoming years due to the rapid growth of electrical vehicles (EV). To address these issues, various technologies such as the pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical method, as well as the newly developed in-situ roasting reduction (in-situ RR) method were proposed in recent studies.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Geopolymer Cement-Based Composite as Self-Cleaning Coating
Geopolymer is the combination of the pozzolanic compound, which is also known as aluminosilicate source materials with an alkaline activator solution. The concept of green blending materials has led to the development of a new binding material for green materials, which is geopolymer with an addition of photocatalyst. Moreover, concepts of self-cleaning have received great attention in construction building materials. Self-cleaning with the presence of photocatalyst has been applied in building materials to overcome the problem of building surfaces becoming dirty after exposure for a long time in highly polluted areas.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
HEIs, Latin America Circular Economy
HEIs (Higher Education Institutions ) are main actors in the economic development and innovative potential of regions, but now and an increasing number of additional roles are expected. HEIs, as institutional actors, are enablers of social, economic, and cultural development, and sustainability. HEIs can foster collaboration between actors and catalyze public awareness and engagement in CE practices.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Integrated Design Process for Building Climate Responsiveness
Increasingly prominent energy and environmental problems have pushed for higher requirements for buildings’ energy saving. According to the conventional energy-saving design method, the cooperative operation between architects, structural and equipment engineers and other professionals cannot run smoothly, so the energy-saving and emission reduction efficiency of the whole building cannot be improved effectively. The integrated design process (IDP) is a systematic method, which is applied in the scheme design stage and according to which the multi-level design factors of cities and buildings are considered comprehensively. It provides a concrete path of multi-specialty collaborative operation for the building’s climate responsive design.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Energy-Efficient IoT Wireless Sensors
In the design of the monitoring system, microclimate monitoring system was decided that it should consist of ultra-low power autonomous wireless sensors using transmission techniques capable of coping with the particularities of historic buildings and, at the same time, that the batteries should last for years without the need for maintenance.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Concrete Containing Waste Glass as Environmentally Friendly Aggregate
The safe disposal of an enormous amount of waste glass (WG) in several countries has become a severe environmental issue. In contrast, concrete production consumes a large amount of natural resources and contributes to environmental greenhouse gas emissions. It is widely known that many kinds of waste may be utilized rather than raw materials in the field of construction materials. However, for the wide use of waste in building construction, it is necessary to ensure that the characteristics of the resulting building materials are appropriate. Recycled glass waste is one of the most attractive waste materials that can be used to create sustainable concrete compounds.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Syngas Fermentation
The fermentation of syngas is an attractive technology that can be integrated with gasification of lignocellulosic biomass. The coupling of these two technologies allows for treating a great variety of raw materials. Lignin usually hinders microbial fermentations; thus, the thermal decomposition of the whole material into small molecules allows for the production of fuels and other types of molecules using syngas as substrate, a process performed at mild conditions.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Mountain Permafrost Hydrology
Mountain Permafrost Hydrology can be defined as “the geoscience that describes and predicts the occurrence, circulation, and distribution of the water within high and cold mountainous terrain”.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
State-of-the-Art Battery Disassembly towards Automation
As the market share of electric vehicles continues to rise, the number of battery systems that are retired after their service life in the vehicle will also increase. This large growth in battery returns will also have a noticeable impact on processes such as battery disassembly. Due to the significantly increasing return volumes of traction batteries in the near future, a substantial increase in the degree of automation in battery disassembly is required, especially with regard to a stable recycling input flow. 
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Microbial Community Analysis
The microbial diversity in anaerobic digestion (AD) is important because it affects process robustness. High-throughput sequencing offers high-resolution data regarding the microbial diversity and robustness of biological systems including AD; however, to understand the dynamics of microbial processes, knowing the microbial diversity is not adequate alone. Advanced meta-omic techniques have been established to determine the activity and interactions among organisms in biological processes like AD. Results of these methods can be used to identify biomarkers for AD states. This can aid a better understanding of system dynamics and be applied to producing comprehensive models for AD. 
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Microalgae Cultivation
Microalgae is a renewable resource with potential value as a commodity and for combating climate change. Commercial cultivation can be done through open ponds or photobioreactors (PBRs), with open ponds being less expensive. PBRs offer potential better controls but are hindered by cost-related issues. Outdoor PBRs are a promising solution, but challenges related to relying on natural resources remain. Further research is needed to make PBRs commercially viable.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Chlorination of Harvested Rainwater
 In many rural areas, primary water sources such as surface water and groundwater are at risk of contamination with rapid agricultural and industrial growth and climate change-related issues. Rainwater harvesting is an ancient practice for rural communities, and the momentum around its use is continually growing in recent years. Among the disinfection methods, chlorination is the most common method in large-scale water treatment schemes. It is also one of the most cost-effective water disinfection processes. It is further suggested that free chlorine could be extensively efficacious against most waterborne pathogens and cause destruction of the cell DNA of these microorganisms, except for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Mycobacteria species. Consequently, this method could reduce waterborne diseases in many countries. In addition, chlorine tablets and liquid pool chlorine are reasonably accessible and safe for transportation to the end-users for residential purposes.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Regional Flood Frequency Analysis
Regional flood frequency analysis (RFFA) consists of two principal steps: identification of homogeneous regions and development of regional flood estimation equations.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Polythionic Acid Corrosion in Oil and Gas Sector
Polythionic acid (PTA) corrosion is a significant challenge in the refinery industry, leading to equipment degradation, safety risks, and costly maintenance.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Nov 2023
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