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Topic Review
Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are rRNA N-glycosylases from plants (EC 3.2.2.22) that inactivate ribosomes thus inhibiting protein synthesis.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Acid-Sensing Ion Channels and Mechanosensation
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are mainly proton-gated cation channels, which can be activated by a drop in extracellular pH below 7.0 and triggered by nonproton ligands during physiological pH levels.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 May 2021
Topic Review
The Chloroplast Epitranscriptome
Here, we report about epitranscriptomic methods for the identification of RNA modifications, bioinformatic tools, and the potential physiological roles of RNA modifiers and interpreters in plant nuclear/cytoplasmic gene expression related to chloroplast functions and the post-transcriptional fate of chloroplast RNAs.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
ADGRG1/GPR56 in Tumor Progression
Cellular communication plays a critical role in diverse aspects of tumorigenesis including tumor cell growth/death, adhesion/detachment, migration/invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which constitute the largest group of cell surface receptors are known to play fundamental roles in all these processes. When considering the importance of GPCRs in tumorigenesis, the adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) are unique due to their hybrid structural organization of a long extracellular cell-adhesive domain and a seven-transmembrane signaling domain. Indeed, aGPCRs have been increasingly shown to be associated with tumor development by participating in tumor cell interaction and signaling. ADGRG1/GPR56, a representative tumor-associated aGPCR, is recognized as a potential biomarker/prognostic factor of specific cancer types with both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting functions. 
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Entamoeba histolytica and the Microbiome
In the gut, E. histolytica feeds on bacteria. Increasing evidences support the role of the gut microbiota in the development of the disease.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
hIAPP Amyloidosis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Cases of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are increasing at an alarming rate due to the rise in obesity, sedentary lifestyles, glucose-rich diets and other factors. Numerous studies have increasingly illustrated the pivotal role that human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) plays in the pathology of T2DM through damage and subsequent loss of pancreatic β-cell mass. Here researchers provide an up-to-date summary of recent progress in the field, highlighting factors that contribute to hIAPP misfolding and aggregation which have been linked to β-cell cytotoxicity. Understanding the structure of hIAPP and how these factors affect amyloid formation will help better understand how hIAPP misfolds and aggregates and, importantly, help identify potential therapeutic targets for inhibiting amyloidosis so alternate and more effective treatments for T2DM can be developed.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Multiplex Detection of Infectious Diseases on Microfluidic Platforms
Infectious diseases contribute significantly to the global disease burden. Sensitive and accurate screening methods are some of the most effective means of identifying sources of infection and controlling infectivity. Conventional detecting strategies such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), DNA sequencing, and mass spectrometry typically require bulky equipment and well-trained personnel. Therefore, mass screening of a large population using conventional strategies during pandemic periods often requires additional manpower, resources, and time, which cannot be guaranteed in resource-limited settings. Emerging microfluidic technologies have shown the potential to replace conventional methods in performing point-of-care detection because they are automated, miniaturized, and integrated. By exploiting the spatial separation of detection sites, microfluidic platforms can enable the multiplex detection of infectious diseases to reduce the possibility of misdiagnosis and incomplete diagnosis of infectious diseases with similar symptoms. 
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Anti-Inflammatory Properties Anthocyanins in Edible Flowers
The word ‘anthocyanin’ derives from two Greek words: anthos, which means flowers, and kyanos, which means dark blue. Anthocyanins are secondary metabolites in land plants that contribute to the color of leaves and flowers. These pigments are primary blue, red, and purple. They are synthesized via the flavonoid pathway, which is part of the general phenylpropanoid pathway.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Metabolomics in Atopic Eczema
Atopic eczema (AE) is an inflammatory skin disorder affecting approximately 20% of children worldwide and early onset can lead to asthma and allergies. Metabolomics, the analysis of small molecules in the skin produced by the host and microbes, opens a window to observe the mechanisms of the disease which then may lead to new drug targets for AE treatment. 
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
mRNA-Based Cancer Immunotherapies
Significant technological innovations have led to messenger RNA (mRNA) becoming a promising option for developing prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines, protein replacement therapies, and genome engineering. The success of the two COVID-19 mRNA vaccines has sparked new enthusiasm for other medical applications, particularly in cancer treatment. In vitro-transcribed (IVT) mRNAs are structurally designed to resemble naturally occurring mature mRNA. Delivery of IVT mRNA via delivery platforms such as lipid nanoparticles allows host cells to produce many copies of encoded proteins, which can serve as antigens to stimulate immune responses or as additional beneficial proteins for supplements. mRNA-based cancer therapeutics include mRNA cancer vaccines, mRNA encoding cytokines, chimeric antigen receptors, tumor suppressors, and other combination therapies.
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Protein Sorting at the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane
Mitochondria are double membrane-bound organelles consisting of an outer membrane, intermembrane space (IMS), inner membrane, and matrix that play critical functions in cells including metabolism, energy production, regulation of intrinsic apoptosis, and maintenance of calcium homeostasis. Mitochondria are fascinatingly equipped with their own genome and machinery for transcribing and translating 13 essential proteins of the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS). The rest of the proteins (99%) that function in mitochondria in the various pathways described above are nuclear-transcribed and synthesized as precursors in the cytosol. These proteins are imported into the mitochondria by the unique mitochondrial protein import system that consists of seven machineries. Proper functioning of the mitochondrial protein import system is crucial for optimal mitochondrial deliverables, as well as mitochondrial and cellular homeostasis.
  • 1.0K
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Structure Dynamics and Signaling of the Neurokinin-1 Receptor
Substance P (SP), the first isolated neuropeptide, belongs to the family of tachykinin peptides and is the natural ligand of neurokinin-1 receptors (NK-1R), also named SP receptors. The undecapeptide activates the receptor after specifically binding to the protein and triggers intracellular signals leading to different biochemical events and subsequent physiological responses. 
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Key Metabolic Changes in Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious mental illness with a heavy social burden, but its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics is providing new insights into the heterogeneous pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of MDD by revealing multi-parametric biomarker signatures at the metabolite level.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Electron Transport Pathway Components
All plants contain an alternative electron transport pathway (AP) in their mitochondria, consisting of the alternative oxidase (AOX) and type 2 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (ND) families, that are thought to play a role in controlling oxidative stress responses at the cellular level. These alternative electron transport components have been extensively studied in plants like Arabidopsis and stress inducible isoforms identified, but we know very little about them in the important crop plant chickpea. Previously we demonstrated AOX  activity in purified mitochondria from chickpea, identified the genes that encode the AOX isoforms and analysed their relative transcript levels. Here we do the same for NDs, and also explore the response of all AP gene transcripts to salinity stress in leaves of chickpea cultivars differing in their salinity response. A coordinated up-regulation of particular AP genes suggests that the mitochondrial alternative pathway of respiration is an important facet of the stress response in chickpea, in high Na accumulators in particular, despite high capacities for both of these activities in leaf mitochondria of non-stressed chickpeas.
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
MRI function in Bone Microstructure
Bone microarchitecture has been shown to provide useful information regarding the evaluation of skeleton quality with an added value to areal bone mineral density, which can be used for the di-agnosis of several bone diseases. Bone mineral density estimated from dual-energy x-ray absorp-tiometry (DXA) has shown to be a limited tool to identify patients’ risk stratification and therapy delivery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been proposed as another technique to assess bone quality and fracture risk by evaluating the bone structure and microarchitecture.
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of Short Non-Coding RNA-Based Therapies
RNA therapies have demonstrated clinical potential for both the treatment of cancer and other pathologies. Therapeutic delivery and resulting adverse events remain significant roadblocks in implementing many of these drugs into clinical practice, but the FDA approval of three Alnylam Pharmaceuticals’ small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) therapies has been a milestone in developing therapies tailored to disease-driving target genes. While it seems that RNAs can be administered “naked” in closed-compartment organs such as eyes and lungs, more research is needed for systemic administration. Lipid nanoparticles represent a promising delivery method, but some challenges remain because of their potential to elicit an immune response, relatively low circulation times, and relatively large size. The use of GalNAc for the delivery and targeting of siRNAs has made significant progress, but delivery systems targeted to organs other than the liver would broaden the range of diseases that could be treated with RNA therapies.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Selective COX-2 Inhibitors
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a condition that leads to pain and is mainly characterized by cartilage degradation.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cannabinoids
Cannabinoids can be classified as (1) endocannabinoids (AEA, 2-AG), (2) phytocannabinoids (THC, CBD), and (3) synthetic analogs (AJA)—. Phytocannabinoids constitute more than 110 chemical compounds, while synthetic analogs are even more numerous.
  • 1.0K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Polyethyleneimine-Based Lipopolyplexes
Lipopolyplexes based on poliethylenimine are an interesting platform for future anti-cancer gene therapies. The carrier consists of nucleic acids condensed with poliethylenimine chains and enclosed in lipid vesicles. Lipopolyplexes could be very versatile, what enables tailoring the carrier for specific thereapeutic needs, however the preparation process is a multistage and fairly sensitive one, which additionally requires a specific balance to be maintained between its stability in the body, which would allow the appropriate dose of the preparation to reach the target site, and the ability to release nucleic acid at the right place and time.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Approaches in Gene Coexpression Analysis in Eukaryotes
Gene coexpression analysis refers to the en masse discovery of coexpressed genes from a large variety of transcriptomic experiments. The type of biological networks that studies gene coexpression, known as Gene Coexpression Networks, consist of an undirected graph depicting genes and their coexpression relationships. Coexpressed genes are clustered in smaller subnetworks, the predominant biological roles of which can be determined through enrichment analysis. By studying well-annotated gene partners, the attribution of new roles to genes of unknown function or assumption for participation in common metabolic pathways can be achieved, through a guilt-by-association approach. 
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Aug 2022
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