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Topic Review
Agricultural Activities in the Lake Chad Region
Lake Chad is a strategic water resource shared by more than 40 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the 1960s, it served as a primary source of water for irrigation and fishing in the region, but the capacity of Lake Chad to supply water for irrigation plummeted by 90% at the beginning of the twenty-first century. With some initiatives taken by the neighboring countries, Lake Chad has recovered about 5% of its water volume in recent years.
  • 3.0K
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Horned Lizard
The horned lizard (genus Phrynosoma) is a distinctive group of reptiles within the family Phrynosomatidae, known for their flattened, toad-like bodies, short tails, and characteristic cranial horns. Often referred to as "horned toads" or "horny toads," these lizards are native to North and Central America and are noted for their unique morphological adaptations, cryptic coloration, and defensive behaviors, including the rare ability to squirt blood from their eyes.
  • 3.0K
  • 18 Aug 2025
Topic Review
Plant Nutrition under Climate Change
The climate is one of the key elements impacting several cycles connected to soil and plant systems, as well as plant production, soil quality, and environmental quality. Due to heightened human activity, the rate of CO2 is rising in the atmosphere. Changing climatic conditions (such as temperature, CO2, and precipitation) influence plant nutrition in a range of ways, comprising mineralization, decomposition, leaching, and losing nutrients in the soil.
  • 3.0K
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Wheat
Wheat is a valuable source of essential nutrients, providing carbohydrate-based energy and fiber, protein, B vitamins, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and iron. In low and medium-income countries, grain-based foods still make up the central part of the diet. The wheat seed can be ground into flour or semolina, for example, which form the essential ingredients of bread, pasta, noodles, and other food products, essentially the primary source of nutrients for most of the world population.
  • 3.0K
  • 21 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Cytokinins in Horticultural Fruit Crops
Cytokinins (CKs) are a chemically diverse class of plant growth regulators, exhibiting wide-ranging actions on plant growth and development, hence their exploitation in agriculture for crop improvement and management. Their coordinated regulatory effects and cross-talk interactions with other phytohormones and signaling networks are highly sophisticated, eliciting and controlling varied biological processes at the cellular to organismal levels. In this review, we briefly introduce the mode of action and general molecular biological effects of naturally occurring CKs before highlighting the great variability in the response of fruit crops to CK-based innovations. We present a comprehensive compilation of research linked to the application of CKs in non-model crop species in different phases of fruit production and management. By doing so, it is clear that the effects of CKs on fruit set, development, maturation, and ripening are not necessarily generic, even for cultivars within the same species, illustrating the magnitude of yet unknown intricate biochemical and genetic mechanisms regulating these processes in different fruit crops. Current approaches using genomic-to-metabolomic analysis are providing new insights into the in planta mechanisms of CKs, pinpointing the underlying CK-derived actions that may serve as potential targets for improving crop-specific traits and the development of new solutions for the preharvest and postharvest management of fruit crops. Where information is available, CK molecular biology is discussed in the context of its present and future implications in the applications of CKs to fruits of horticultural significance.
  • 3.0K
  • 27 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Acacia spp.
The genus Acacia belongs to the subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae. It comprises a large group of more than 1350 species, widely distributed throughout tropical and warm temperate areas of the world. Most of the species are native to Australia but are spread all over the world because of their wide variety of uses and economic importance such as for ornamental purposes, for sand and dune stabilization, as a fuel through the production of woodfuel and charcoal, as an important source of fodder, tannins for the leather industry, gums, and essences for perfumes.
  • 3.0K
  • 10 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Land Use Transitions
Land use transition refers to the changes in land use morphologies, including dominant morphology and recessive morphology, of a certain region over a certain period of time driven by socio-economic change and innovation, and it usually corresponds to the transformation of the socio-economic development stage. The dominant morphology refers to the land use structure with features such as the quantity and spatial pattern of land use types. While the recessive morphology includes the land use features in the aspects of quality, property rights, management mode, input, output and function.
  • 3.0K
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Effects of Enclosure Complexity on Zoo Animals
Habitat complexity is important for the maintenance of high levels of welfare for captive animals, especially at zoos. Generally, individuals who experience greater enclosure complexity express higher diversity of behaviours and show better physiological well-being. However, positive outcomes of providing habitat complexity should be species-specific, and not all species would benefit from it. Thus, it is important to provide and constantly evaluate the habitat complexity of zoo animals. 
  • 3.0K
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Prevention and Control Strategies for Maize White Spot
Maize white spot (MWS), caused by the bacterium Pantoea ananatis, is a serious disease that significantly impacts maize production and productivity. Researchers from various countries worldwide have conducted extensive research on this pathogen, including its isolation and identification, the localization of resistance genes, transmission pathways, as well as potential control measures.
  • 3.0K
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Apocarotenoids
Carotenoid-derived apocarotenoids (CDCs) are formed by the oxidative cleavage of carbon–carbon double bonds in the carotenoid backbones either by carotenoid cleavage enzymes (CCDs) or via the exposure of carotenoids to ROS. Many of these apocarotenoids play key regulatory roles in plant development as growth simulators and inhibitors, signalling molecules, including as abscisic acid  and strigolactones, and have roles in plant defence against pathogens and herbivores. Others act as flavour and aroma compounds in fruit pericarp, flowers and seeds. The diverse variety of carotenoids (+700) means that the potential apocarotenoid products represent a significant number of natural compounds.
  • 3.0K
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Phytohormone Regulation of Apple-Fruit Ripening
Apple (Malus domestica) is, globally, one of the largest fruits in terms of cultivated area and yield. Apple fruit is generally marketed after storage, which is of great significance for regulating the market supply in the off-season of fruit production. Apple-fruit ripening, which culminates in desirable changes in structural and textural properties, is governed by a complex regulatory network. 
  • 3.0K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Turtles in Malaysia
Approximately 356 species of turtles inhabit saltwater and freshwater habitats globally, except in Antarctica. Twenty-four species of turtles have been reported in Malaysia, four of which are sea turtles. The state of Terengganu harbored the highest number of turtles, with 17 different reported species. 
  • 3.0K
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Working Animal
A working animal is an animal, usually domesticated, that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks instead of being slaughtered to harvest animal products. Some are beasts of burden (draught animals) that provide transportation (e.g. riding horses and camels) and aid in physical labor (e.g. oxens and elephants), while others are service animals trained to execute certain specialized tasks (e.g. hunting and guide dogs, messenger pigeons and fishing cormorants). They may also be used for milking or herding. Some, at the end of their working lives, may also be used for meat or other products such as leather. The history of working animals may predate agriculture, with dogs used by our hunter-gatherer ancestors. Around the world, millions of animals work in relationship with their owners. Domesticated species are often bred for different uses and conditions, especially horses and working dogs. Working animals are usually raised on farms, though some are still captured from the wild, such as dolphins and some Asian elephants. People have found uses for a wide variety of abilities in animals, and even industrialised societies use many animals for work. People use the strength of horses, elephants, and oxen to pull carts and move loads. Police forces use dogs for finding illegal substances and assisting in apprehending wanted persons, others use dogs to find game or search for missing or trapped people. People use various animals — camels, donkeys, horses, dogs, etc.—for transport, either for riding or to pull wagons and sleds. Other animals, including dogs and monkeys, help disabled people. On rare occasions, wild animals are not only tamed, but trained to perform work—though often solely for novelty or entertainment, as such animals tend to lack the trustworthiness and mild temper of true domesticated working animals. Conversely, not all domesticated animals are working animals. For example, while cats may catch mice, it is an instinctive behaviour, not one that can be trained by human intervention. Other domesticated animals, such as sheep or rabbits, may have agricultural uses for meat, hides and wool, but are not suitable for work. Finally, small domestic pets, such as most small birds (other than certain types of pigeon) are generally incapable of performing work other than providing companionship.
  • 3.0K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Composting Technology of Brewer's Grains
The brewing industry is characterized by the large production of by-products. Following the fundamentals of a circular economy, several attempts to recycle brewers’ spent grain (BSG) have been investigated. However, little information is available on its use for composting.
  • 3.0K
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Red Seaweed Pigments
Algae taxa are notably diverse regarding pigment diversity and composition, red seaweeds (Rhodophyta) being a valuable source of phycobiliproteins (phycoerythrins, phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin), carotenes (carotenoids and xanthophylls), and chlorophyll a. These pigments have a considerable biotechnological potential, which has been translated into several registered patents and commercial applications. 
  • 3.0K
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Crow
A crow is a medium to large-sized bird of the genus Corvus within the family Corvidae, characterized by predominantly black plumage, a strong bill, and high intelligence. Crows are widely distributed across most continents, inhabiting forests, grasslands, agricultural lands, and urban environments. They are omnivorous, highly adaptable, and noted for complex social behaviors and advanced cognitive abilities.
  • 3.0K
  • 26 Sep 2025
Topic Review
Palm Oil Background
Palm oil plantations cover millions of hectares worldwide, which encompass a significant portion of global trade. Palm oil trees, or Arecaceae, are a genus of stemless, tree-like monocot plants that thrive in the tropics and are extremely valuable to humans and the ecosystem. The African oil palm, or Elaeis guineensis, is the most prominent palm species native to West Africa, cultivated for its oil-rich fruit as a semiwild food source for over 7000 years. The tree produces a profusion of fruit bunches yearly with each containing between 1000 and 3000 fruits.
  • 3.0K
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
The Flavonoid Biosynthesis Network in Plants
Flavonoids have long been a major focus of research into secondary metabolism. We present a systematic summary of what is known of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in plants, presenting a model of flavonoid biosynthesis that includes eight branches (stilbene, aurone, flavone, isoflavone, flavonol, phlobaphene, proanthocyanidin, and anthocyanin biosynthesis) and four important intermediate metabolites (chalcone, flavanone, dihydroflavonol, and leucoanthocyanidin). 
  • 2.9K
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Bacterial Biofilm Formation and Pathogenesis
Biofilm formation is an integral part of the microbial life cycle in nature. In food processing environments, bacterial transmissions occur primarily through raw or undercooked foods and by cross-contamination during unsanitary food preparation practices. Foodborne pathogens form biofilms as a survival strategy in various unfavorable environments, which also become a frequent source of recurrent contamination and outbreaks of foodborne illness.
  • 2.9K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Genomics Improve Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Tomato Plant
Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae), generally known as tomato, is one of the most significant fruits that are nutritionally classified as a vegetable. It contains carotenoids (lycopene and carotene), phenolic compounds (flavonoids), vitamins (ascorbic acid, -tocopherol, vitamin A), glycoalkaloids (tomatine), and phytosterols (-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol).
  • 2.9K
  • 21 Apr 2023
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