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Topic Review
Click Farm
A click farm is a form of click fraud, where a large group of low-paid workers are hired to click on paid advertising links for the click fraudster (click farm master or click farmer). The workers click the links, surf the target website for a period of time, and possibly sign up for newsletters prior to clicking another link. For many of these workers, clicking on enough ads per day may increase their revenue substantially and may also be an alternative to other types of work. It is extremely difficult for an automated filter to detect this simulated traffic as fake because the visitor behavior appears exactly the same as that of an actual legitimate visitor. Fake likes generating from click farms are essentially different from those arising from bots where computer programs are written by software experts. To deal with such issues, companies such as Facebook are trying to create algorithms that seek to wipe out accounts with unusual activity (e.g. liking too many pages in a short period of time).
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Supply Chain Firms in the Fertilizer Market
The improvement of supply chain firms in the fertilizer sector through the increase of their stock market price can be impacted by various factors in the global economic landscape. The potential utilization of big data extracted from the cryptocurrency market is focused, decentralized finance applications, and blockchain technology to model and predict the trajectory of the stock market price of supply chain firms in the fertilizer sector.
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Time Series Prediction for Future Stock Markets
There has been a great deal of attention paid to investors’ stock predictions, leading researchers to propose a variety of models. Time-series-based linear models include the auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), exponential smoothing model (ESM), and generalized auto-regressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH). Stock returns can be difficult to predict because the data are nonstationary or nonlinear in nature, and linear models have trouble capturing their patterns. The linear models are also called statistical models.
  • 998
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Financial Planning for Retirement
The life expectancy rate of individuals worldwide has risen, and Saudi Arabia is not excluded. Rising long-life expectancy may jeopardize employees’ pensions and reduce the chances of adequate earnings and a decent life after retirement. Moreover, the number of employees, who have paid into pension funds and are now retired, has increased, indicating that pension funds are expected to decrease. Apart from the above, the level of financial literacy in Saudi Arabia was substandard. Therefore, the ultimate objective of this research is to examine the measurable factors that could impact employees in their financial planning for retirement (FPR). These factors comprise the employee’s financial literacy (FL), financial risk tolerance (FRT), and cultural factors based on the CWO model.
  • 994
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Business Model of Sustainable Robo-Advisors
The given research paper examines the characteristics of German private investors regarding the probability of using robo-advisory-services. The used data set was gathered for this purpose (N = 305) to address the research question by using a logistic regression approach. The presented logit regression model results indicate that the awareness of sustainable aspects make a significant difference in the probability of using a sustainable robo-service. Additionally, our findings show that being male and cost-aware are positively associated with the use of a sustainable robo-advisor. Furthermore, the probability of use is 1.53 times higher among young and experienced investors. The findings in this paper provide relevant research findings for banks, asset managers, FinTechs, policy makers and financial practitioners to increase the adoption rate of robo-advice by introducing a sustainable offering.
  • 990
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Electricity Usage Settlement System Based on Cryptocurrency Instrument
The development of digital techniques, including blockchain-based mechanisms, has meant that an increased interest in blockchain-based solutions is to be expected. Blockchain and similar approaches are characterised by decentralisation, so they are concurrent with the trends of the transforming power sector. Decentralised energy generation based on a high proportion of prosumer installations requires the implementation of a new settlement system for grid activities related to electricity use. The first projects of such systems based on a dedicated cryptocurrency have emerged. Based on these, the general concept of such a system with its own cryptocurrency called CCE is presented, including variants implementing net-metering and net-billing.
  • 988
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Sustainable Finance and COVID-19
Both the GARCH models and the event study suggest that funds with a higher ESG rating were able to outperform other funds during the COVID-19 period. These funds had a greater level of resilience and exhibited a lower level of risk contagion during the pandemic. These instruments appear to assume the role of risk protection and should be considered a means of both promoting sustainable growth and minimizing portfolio risk.
  • 973
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Non-Financial Reporting under a Mandatory Regime
Non-financial information (NFI) helps companies, investors, and other stakeholders in the decision-making process, so that the value of NFI increases over time.
  • 971
  • 27 Nov 2023
Biography
Ioannis Passas
Dr. Ioannis Passas is a multifaceted professional with a dynamic academic and research background. Currently, he holds a notable position as an Adjunct Professor at the Hellenic Mediterranean University’s Department of Business Administration & Tourism. In this role, he imparts accounting knowledge to both undergraduate and postgraduate students. Further expanding his academic contributions, h
  • 964
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Company Theories
Capital structure, also referred to as finance leverage or financial structure, encompasses various terms and is commonly known as capital structure or financial leverage. It signifies the proportion of debt and equity utilized to fund a business’s asset formation. The level of debt employed has a significant impact on managerial behavior and financial decision making. Financial ratios, including the debt/equity ratio (long-term debt/equity or long-term debt/total capital employed), provide a means to gauge the capital structure within a company. 
  • 960
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Effect of News Signals on Daily Stock Market
The stock market is often seen as a barometer of a country’s economic health, with stock prices fluctuating based on a range of economic, financial, political, and global factors. In order to understand how these factors, impact stock market volatility, it is necessary to consider the influence of daily news signals and events. This is particularly important in the context of developing countries, where stock markets are often more volatile and susceptible to sudden changes.
  • 958
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Social Network Emotional Marketing Influence Consumers’ Purchase Behavior
With the deepening application of Internet technology, social network emotional marketing has become a new way of sustainability marketing. The influencing factors of consumers’ purchase behavior are extracted from a massive social network emotional marketing data set, and the Delphi method is adopted to interview experts to revise and improve the influencing factors. The Delphi method is used to further confirm that trust and attachment influence consumers’ purchase intention in social network emotional marketing. 
  • 955
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Volatility and Risk-Adjusted Returns of ESG Indices
The importance of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) aspects in investment decisions has grown significantly in today’s volatile financial market. Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investing has emerged as a prominent investment strategy, garnering widespread attention. 
  • 950
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Panama Papers (South America)
The Panama Papers are 11.5 million leaked documents that detail financial and attorney–client information for more than 214,488 offshore entities. The documents, some dating back to the 1970s, were created by, and taken from, Panamanian law firm and corporate service provider Mossack Fonseca, and were leaked in 2015 by an anonymous source. This page details related allegations, reactions, and investigations, in South America.
  • 948
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Link of Environmental, Social, Governance and Firm Performance
ESG performance has a positive relationship with profit in large firms but not in SME firms. Large firms are motivated by stakeholder and other needs, while SME firms do not have the same priorities. Similarly, small and nascent firms may not have the resources of large firms, suggesting that competitive factors related to downstream networking will markedly differ for both groups of firms.
  • 936
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Relationship between Green Finance and Sustainable Performance
Green corporate governance and green finance have a significant impact on corporate social responsibility, which in turn positively affects sustainable performance. Corporate social responsibility significantly mediates the link between green corporate governance and sustainable performance. Meanwhile, corporate social responsibility also mediates the relationship between green finance and sustainable performance. Additionally, top management environmental concern moderates the relationship between corporate governance and sustainable performance significantly, strengthening the impact of corporate social responsibility on sustainable performance.
  • 933
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Exploring the Connection between Clean and Dirty Energy
This study investigates the relationship between clean and dirty energy markets, specifically focusing on clean energy stock indexes and their potential as hedging assets and safe havens during periods of global economic uncertainty. The research analyzes five clean energy indexes and four dirty energy indexes from May 2018 to May 2023, considering events such as the global pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The main objective is to examine the causal relationship among different stock indexes pertaining to dirty and clean energy by using the Granger causality test (VAR Granger Causality/Block Exogeneity Wald Test) to determine whether clean energy indexes can predict future prices of dirty energy indexes. However, the findings reveal that clean and dirty energy indexes do not exhibit hedging characteristics or serve as safe havens during times of economic uncertainty, rejecting the research question. These results have important implications for investment strategies, as assets lacking safe haven characteristics may not preserve portfolio efficiency in uncertain times. The study's insights provide valuable guidance for investors, policymakers, and participants in energy financial markets. It highlights the need to adapt investment approaches and seek alternative options to navigate uncertain economic conditions effectively.
  • 932
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Co-Created Values in Crowdfunding for Enterprises
Crowdfunding (CF) is considered to be an innovative source of funding, and research into its effects on CF participants is being conducted from many different angles. Crowdfunding not only presents an alternative financing option, but also affects all perspectives relevant to value creation. As compared to the existing literature, this analysis is the most comprehensive take on the importance of crowdfunding for increasing the value of small and medium enterprises to date, thus offering a material contribution to the fuller understanding of crowdfunding from the financial standpoint, as well as pointing to the importance of crowdfunding as a financing method influencing sustainable decision-making by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). 
  • 921
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Whistleblowing Maturity Framework
Empirical research identifies whistleblowing as one of the most effective internal antifraud controls. Very recently, Directive 1937/2019 became effective in the EU, aiming to deal with the defragmentation of whistleblowing legislation among the member states and provide common minimum accepted standards.
  • 920
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Saudi Arabia’s Ambitious Reform Programme with Vision 2030
Vision 2030 of Saudi Arabia is an important project that mainly targets the reduction in dependency on the oil economy through the growth of non-oil Industries. 
  • 897
  • 15 Mar 2024
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