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Topic Review
The Role of LncRNA in Kidney Disease
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a large, heterogeneous class of transcripts and key regulators of gene expression at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in different cellular contexts and biological processes. LncRNAs plays an important role in renal pathogenesis. Altered expression of lncRNAs has been increasingly closely related to the onset and development of many diseases due to their role in gene regulation processes at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, post-translational, and epigenetic levels. Therefore, increasing attention is being paid to their role as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in several human diseases. Regarding kidney diseases, there are numerous studies that have analyzed and demonstrated the role of lncRNAs mainly in diabetic nephropathy (DN) and acute kidney injury (AKI), and to a lesser extent in chronic kidney disease (CKD), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGs), and immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN).
  • 694
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
CK2 in Musculoskeletal Disorders
Protein kinase CK2 (CK2) influences one-fifth of the cellular phosphoproteome. It regulates almost all cellular pathways and is thus a critical switch between biological processes within a cell. Inhibition of CK2 reverses oncogene addiction of tumor and alters tumor microenvironment.
  • 694
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Actin–Myosin Contractile Ring Assembly in Fission Yeast
Cytokinesis, as the last stage of the cell division cycle, is a tightly controlled process amongst all eukaryotes, with defective division leading to severe cellular consequences and implicated in serious human diseases and conditions such as cancer. Both mammalian cells and the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe use binary fission to divide into two equally sized daughter cells. Similar to mammalian cells, in S. pombe, cytokinetic division is driven by the assembly of an actomyosin contractile ring (ACR) at the cell equator between the two cell tips. The ACR is composed of a complex network of membrane scaffold proteins, actin filaments, myosin motors and other cytokinesis regulators. The contraction of the ACR leads to the formation of a cleavage furrow which is severed by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) proteins, leading to the final cell separation during the last stage of cytokinesis, abscission. 
  • 693
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Hematopoietic Cell Transplant
Following primary infection, herpesviruses establish latency in infected individuals in the host cells and may reactivate upon external stimuli and during periods of immunosuppression.
  • 692
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
ABCA1 and Atherogenesis
Atheroprotective properties of human plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are determined by their involvement in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) from the macrophage to the liver. ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI cholesterol transporters are involved in cholesterol efflux from macrophages to lipid-free ApoA-I and HDL as a first RCT step. Molecular determinants of RCT efficiency that may possess diagnostic and therapeutic meaning remain largely unknown. Defects in the structure and function of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI are caused by changes in the gene sequence, such as single nucleotide polymorphism or various mutations. In the transcription initiation of transporter genes, in addition to transcription factors, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), transcription activators, and repressors are also involved. Furthermore, transcription is substantially influenced by the methylation of gene promoter regions. Post-transcriptional regulation involves microRNAs and lncRNAs, including circular RNAs.
  • 691
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Oral Pathogenic Bacteria-Inducing Neurodegenerative Microgliosis
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative bacterium found in the human oral cavity and is responsible for the development of chronic periodontitis as well as neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Given the significance of the roles of P. gingivalis in AD pathogenesis, it is critical to understand the underlying mechanisms of P. gingivalis-driven neuroinflammation and their contribution to neurodegeneration. Herein, we hypothesize that P. gingivalis produces secondary metabolites that may cause neurodegeneration through direct or indirect pathways mediated by microglia. To test our hypothesis, we treated human neural cells with bacterial conditioned media on our brain platforms and assessed microgliosis, astrogliosis and neurodegeneration. We found that bacteria-mediated microgliosis induced the production of nitric oxide, which causes neurodegeneration assessed with high pTau level. Our study demonstrated the elevation of detrimental protein mediators, CD86 and iNOS and the production of several pro-inflammatory markers from stimulated microglia. Through inhibition of LPS and succinate dehydrogenase in a bacterial conditioned medium, we showed a decrease in neurodegenerative microgliosis. In addition, we demonstrated the bidirectional effect of microgliosis and astrogliosis on each other exacerbating neurodegeneration. Overall, our study suggests that the mouth-brain axis may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD.
  • 690
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Resveratrol-Induced Resensitization of Acquired Drug-Resistant Cancer Cells
Multidrug resistance (MDR) refers to a phenomenon wherein tumors exhibit cross-resistance to an array of drugs with different structures or action mechanisms once they become resistant to one anticancer drug. MDR to anticancer drugs remains a serious obstacle to the success of cancer chemotherapy. Resveratrol, a polyphenol, present in natural products exerts anticancer activity and acts as a potential MDR inhibitor in various drug-resistant cancer cells.
  • 690
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Growth and Division of Peroxisomes
The identification and molecular characterization of peroxisomal division proteins, microscopic observations and the analysis of patient fibroblasts have contributed to a refined growth and division model for peroxisomes. In mammalian cells, peroxisome formation by membrane growth and division represents a multi-step process involving the remodelling of the peroxisomal membrane, membrane expansion/elongation (growth), membrane constriction and final scission (fission). Peroxisomal growth and division results in the formation of new peroxisomes (multiplication/proliferation), which import matrix and membrane proteins to maintain functionality.
  • 689
  • 23 Jun 2022
Topic Review
A Journey to Produce Functional Beta Cells
Due to a pressing worldwide situation with diabetes, ideas to use direct differentiation from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to produce beta cells have surfaced. Stem cells are thought to be an ideal source of all cell types including pancreatic beta cells. 
  • 689
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Animal Models of Visceral Sarcomas
Visceral sarcomas are a rare malignant subgroup of soft tissue sarcomas (STSs). STSs, accounting for 1% of all adult tumors, are derived from mesenchymal tissues and exhibit a wide heterogeneity. Their rarity and the high number of histotypes hinder the understanding of tumor development mechanisms and negatively influence clinical outcomes and treatment approaches.
  • 689
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Spinal Cord Repair
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition, often leading to severe motor, sensory, or autonomic nervous dysfunction. Spinal Cord Repair is to promote spinal cord tissue regeneration and functional recovery through regenerative medicine. 
  • 689
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Stathmins and Motor Neuron Diseases
Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are a group of fatal, neurodegenerative disorders with different etiology, clinical course and presentation, caused by the loss of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs). MNs are highly specialized cells equipped with long, axonal processes; axonal defects are some of the main players underlying the pathogenesis of these disorders. Microtubules are key components of the neuronal cytoskeleton characterized by dynamic instability, switching between rapid polymerization and shrinkage. Proteins of the stathmin family affect microtubule dynamics regulating the assembly and the dismantling of tubulin. Stathmin-2 (STMN2) is one of the most abundantly expressed genes in MNs. Following axonal injury, STMN2 expression is upregulated, and the protein is transported toward the growth cones of regenerating axons. STMN2 has a critical role in axonal maintenance, and its dysregulation plays an important role in neurodegenerative processes. Stathmin-1 (STMN1) is a ubiquitous protein that is highly expressed during the development of the nervous system, and its phosphorylation controls microtubule dynamics.
  • 688
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 in Cancers
Epigenetic mechanisms are known to play a key role in cancer progression. Specifically, histone methylation involves reversible post-translational modification of histones that govern chromatin structure remodelling, genomic imprinting, gene expression, DNA damage repair, and meiotic crossover recombination, among other chromatin-based activities. Demethylases are enzymes that catalyse the demethylation of their substrate using a flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent amine oxidation process. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) and its homolog, lysine-specific demethylase 2 (LSD2), are overexpressed in a variety of human cancer types and, thus, regulate tumour progression.
  • 688
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Ionic Salt Signals
The strong impact that ionic signaling exerts on the immune system is not restricted to T cells. Cellular players from both the innate and adaptive immune compartments are likewise exposed to differential concentrations of ionic signals in the tissue microenvironment. While several pathways have been shown to be conserved across cell types, others will be more cell type specific, leaving room for additional salt effects to be observed in the future.
  • 687
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
MyD88 in Macrophages and Liver Fibrosis
MyD88 is a dependent pathway for all TLRs to activate the NF-kB inflammation pathway. Activation of MyD88 pathway has been reported in hepatic fibrotic diseases. MyD88 deficiency significantly reduces liver fibrosis and decreases eosinophil percentage in vivo . Targeted deletion of B-cell-intrinsic MyD88 signaling resulted in reduced infiltration of migratory CD11c+ dendritic cells and Ly6C+ monocytes and hence reduced liver fibrosis . In addition, inhibition of MyD88 led to the inhibition of HSC activation in vitro .
  • 687
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
TRPV4 and Calcium Oscillations in Tissue Repair
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) specifically functions as a mechanosensitive ion channel and is responsible for conveying changes in physical stimuli such as mechanical stress, osmotic pressure, and temperature. TRPV4 enables the entry of cation ions, particularly calcium ions, into the cell. Activation of TRPV4 channels initiates calcium oscillations, which trigger intracellular signaling pathways involved in a plethora of cellular processes, including tissue repair. Widely expressed throughout the body, TRPV4 can be activated by a wide array of physicochemical stimuli, thus contributing to sensory and physiological functions in multiple organs.
  • 687
  • 30 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Single-Cell RNA Sequencing for Plant Research
In recent years, advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies have continued to change views on biological systems by increasing the spatiotemporal resolution of analysis to single-cell resolution. Application of scRNA-seq to plants enables the comprehensive characterization of both common and rare cell types and cell states, uncovering new cell types and revealing how cell types relate to each other spatially and developmentally. The use of sequencing technologies in plants to analyze genetic variation and metabolic regulation has played a major role in enhancing understanding of plant developmental processes and response to stimuli. However, the traditional sequencing method only generates average cell data and incapable of analyzing large number of cells, therefore losing cell heterogeneity information. The technical reason behind this limitation is that the material or study sample used for traditional sequencing contains several cells that are mixed to obtain whole-genome sequence information of all cells. However, the plant developmental process includes several regulatory factors and significant heterogeneity between different cells, which require a technology that enables cell heterogeneity and the discovery of new marker genes.
  • 687
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Ureteral Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Primary ureteral neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rare. Small-cell neuroendocrine cancer (NEC) of the ureter is usually observed in elderly patients, and around 15 cases have been observed in females so far.
  • 686
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Roles of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Axis in Arteriovenous Fistula
Renal failure is a worldwide disease with a continuously increasing prevalence and involving a rising need for long-term treatment, mainly by haemodialysis. Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the favourite type of vascular access for haemodialysis; however, the lasting success of this therapy depends on its maturation, which is directly influenced by many concomitant processes such as vein wall thickening or inflammation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive AVF maturation and failure can highlight new or combinatorial drugs for more personalized therapy. 
  • 684
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
NPDC by Mutation of NPC1 and NPC2
Cholesterol trafficking is initiated by the endocytic pathway and transported from endo/lysosomes to other intracellular organelles. Deficiencies in cholesterol-sensing and binding proteins NPC1 and NPC2 induce accumulation in lysosomes and the malfunction of trafficking to other organelles. Each organelle possesses regulatory factors to induce cholesterol trafficking. The mutation of NPC1 and NPC2 genes induces Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPDC), which is a hereditary disease and causes progressive neurodegeneration, developmental disability, hypotonia, and ataxia. Oxidative stress induces damage in NPDC-related intracellular organelles. Although studies on the relationship between NPDC and oxidation are relatively rare, several studies have reported the therapeutic potential of antioxidants in treating NPDC. Investigating antioxidant drugs to relieve oxidative stress and cholesterol accumulation is suggested to be a powerful tool for developing treatments for NPDC. Understanding NPDC provides challenging issues in understanding the oxidative stress–lysosome metabolism of the lipid axis.
  • 684
  • 11 Dec 2023
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