Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Grahan Mala
Grahan Mala is an astronomical treatise on the calculation of the dates and timings for the lunar and solar eclipses written by the Indian Astronomer Hemangad Thakur in the 16th century AD.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
RAMSVPS
Retinal arterial macroaneurysm with supravalvular pulmonic stenosis (RAMSVPS) is a disorder that affects blood vessels in the eyes and heart. The condition generally becomes apparent in infancy or childhood.
  • 1.8K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Interferon Regulatory Factors in NAFLD and NASH
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), a family of transcription factors that regulate Interferon (IFN) expression, play important roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. IRF-involved signaling pathways contribute to hepatic inflammation, insulin resistance, and immune cell activation, such as macrophage polarization, playing critical roles in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) pathogenesis. Treatments such as microRNAs, PPAR modulators, anti-inflammatory agents, and TLR agonists or antagonists that modulate IRF-mediated signaling pathways can ameliorate the progression of NAFLD to NASH. 
  • 1.8K
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Heavy Metals in Soil Ecosystem
Soil is a compound mixture and a non-renewable natural resource, as it can only be restored on a geological timescale. It can be easily defined as the loose inorganic or organic matter of the surface that assists as a natural habitat for terrestrial plants. Heavy metals are very hazardous to the environment and living things.
  • 1.8K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Post-SARS-CoV-2 Acute Telogen Effluvium
Telogen effluvium (TE) is a scalp disorder characterized by diffuse, non-scarring hair shedding. The term “telogen effluvium” was proposed to differentiate the disorder from the excessive shedding of normal club hair. It affects both males and females, with a higher incidence rate in females. Various hypotheses have been proposed for the pathophysiology of TE, based on abnormalities in the normal hair cycle, triggered by different factors. 
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Hydrochar for Potential Wastewater Treatment Applications
In today’s world, due to population increase, there are many alarming and potential catastrophic problems like climate change, environmental pollution and an enormous mass of wastes constantly produced by humankind to find innovative solutions for the management, recycling, and valorization of biowaste from agricultural production, food processing, and organic household residues. The search for sustainable and efficient wastewater treatment technologies has gained scientific interest; particular focus is on using biowaste to produce hydrochars (HCs) via the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process used as adsorbent materials for dye, heavy metal, and emerging pollutant removal. HTC materials derived from renewable resources are an environmentally friendly and adequate way to adsorb pollutants such as organic and inorganic molecules from wastewaters. 
  • 1.8K
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Einstein's Constant
Einstein's gravitational constant, denoted κ (kappa), is the constant appearing in the Einstein field equation which can be written: where Gαγ is the Einstein tensor and Tαγ is the stress–energy tensor. This equation relates to the curvature of spacetime, indicating that stress–energy is what causes the curvature of spacetime, thus gravitation. The constant κ is directly related to Newton's gravitational constant G: The above is for the stress–energy tensor in units of mass density (i.e., mass per volume). The units of Einstein's constant depends on how the stress–energy tensor is defined, so an alternative choice for T with units of energy density (i.e., energy per volume) yields
  • 1.8K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Rumination (Psychology)
Rumination is the focused attention on the symptoms of one's distress, and on its possible causes and consequences, as opposed to its solutions, according to the Response Styles Theory proposed by Nolen-Hoeksema (1998). Because the Response Styles Theory has been empirically supported, this model of rumination is the most widely used conceptualization. Other theories, however, have proposed different definitions for rumination. For example, in the Goal Progress Theory, rumination is conceptualized not as a reaction to a mood state, but as a "response to failure to progress satisfactorily towards a goal". As such, both rumination and worry are associated with anxiety and other negative emotional states; however, its measures have not been unified.
  • 1.8K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bronze and Brass Ornamental Work
The use of bronze dates from remote antiquity. This important metal is an alloy composed of copper and tin, in proportion which vary slightly, but may be normally considered as nine parts of copper to one of tin. Other ingredients which are occasionally found are more or less accidental. The result is a metal of a rich golden brown colour, capable of being worked by casting — a process little applicable to its component parts, but peculiarly successful with bronze, the density and hardness of the metal allowing it to take any impression of a mould, however delicate. It is thus possible to create ornamental work of various kinds. The process of casting is known as cire perdue, and is the most primitive and most commonly employed through the centuries, having been described by the monk Theophilus, and also by Benvenuto Cellini. Briefly, it is as follows: a core, roughly representing the size and form of the object to be produced, is made of pounded brick, plaster or other similar substance and thoroughly dried. Upon this the artist overlays his wax, which he models to the degree required in his finished work. Passing from the core through the wax and projecting beyond are metal rods. The modelling being completed, called lost-wax casting, the outer covering which will form the mould has to be applied; this is a liquid formed of clay and plaster sufficiently thin to find its way into every detail of the wax model. Further coatings of liquid are applied, so that there is, when dry, a solid outer coating and a solid inner core held together by the metal rods, with the work of art modelled in wax between. Heat is applied and the wax melts and runs out, and the molten metal is poured in and occupies every detail which the wax had filled. When cool, the outer casing is carefully broken away, the core raked out as far as possible, the projecting rods are removed and the object modelled in wax appears in bronze. If further finish is required, it is obtained by tooling.
  • 1.8K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Druggable genetic alterations in NSCLC
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death for malignancy worldwide. Its molecular profiling has enriched our understanding of cancer initiation and progression and has become fundamental to provide guidance on treatment with targeted therapies. Testing the presence of driver mutations in specific genes in lung tumors has thus radically changed the clinical management and outcomes of the disease. Numerous studies performed with traditional sequencing methods have investigated the occurrence of such mutations in lung cancer, and new insights regarding their frequency and clinical significance are continuously provided with the use of last generation sequencing technologies.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Great Republic
Launched on October 4, 1853 Great Republic is noteworthy as the largest wooden clipper ship ever constructed.
  • 1.8K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of Fictional Colors
Fictional colors are the imaginary perceptions of colors that do not exist for humans. They may include colors as perceived by fictional aliens, or colors that are imagined to be perceptible by humans under imaginary circumstances, based on real or imaginary electromagnetic radiation or imaginary alternate forms of radiation.
  • 1.8K
  • 27 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms behind Muscles Growth in Young Subjects
Muscle growth, or muscle hypertrophy, is a complex process regulated by several molecular pathways. The IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is a vital signaling cascade in muscle growth that involves various interconnected mechanisms. Its activation increases protein synthesis, reduces protein degradation, and improves cell growth. Akt activation is crucial in promoting muscle protein synthesis in response to exercise and nutrient intake in young individuals. The timing of exercise and protein intake also affect Akt activation and subsequent muscle protein synthesis. While exercise alone did not increase Akt and mTOR phosphorylation, protein ingestion afterward did so in a dose-dependent manner. Growth hormone (GH) promotes the uptake of essential nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids, into muscle cells for energy production and protein synthesis. Testosterone is one of the most potent naturally secreted androgenic-anabolic hormones, and its biological effects include promoting muscle growth. 
  • 1.8K
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Redox Homeostasis in Muscular Dystrophies
Reactive oxygen species are (ROS) are signaling molecules moderately and continuously produced by skeletal muscles as a consequence of their contractile activity and high mitochondrial oxygen consumption. The main source of ROS production is located in the cytosol through the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX enzymes), xanthine oxidase (XO), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and by the mitochondrial electron transport chain. When ROS exceed the antioxidant buffering capacity of tissues, oxidative stress occurs.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Genetic characterization in Korean horse
In modern times, horse breeds, mostly in horse racing, are the Thoroughbred varieties obtained by breeding three Godolphin Arabians with British mares in England. Especially in Jeju Island, Korea, Jeju horses have been introduced from Mongolia since the 13th century. They have contributed a lot to the agricultural community, but their population has been rapidly decreasing due to rapid agricultural industrialization. Therefore, we sympathize with Jeju horse-specific genetic variation and compare and analyze evolutionary correlations by utilizing Whole Genome Sequencing analysis to evaluate the genetic diversity of Jeju horses and preserve genetic information. We explored Jeju horse-specific genetic differences through a comparative analysis of large-capacity genomic data between the public database and a Thoroughbred variety. In order to adapt to the barren external environment, it is predicted that Jeju horses have experienced strong positive selection in the direction of accumulating many genetic variations, enough to cause functional differences in the eqCD1a6 gene to have an efficient immune function. In addition, we further validate the Jeju horse-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms in the eqCD1a6 gene by employing the digital PCR method, a diagnostic technique for genetic variations.
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Corporate Governance and Performance of Pension Funds
Corporate governance has been explained as a mechanism by which operational managers of entities are made to act in the interest of the owners of the entities and other stakeholders. Good stewardship and sustained accountability are expected from firms by society. In pension fund management settings, two sets of factors affect corporate entity’s effectiveness. The first is the internal corporate governance factors relating to pension fund management. This involves effective interactions between internal systems relating to pension funds. The second factor is the external corporate governance factors concerning the regulatory and legal framework under which the pension funds operate.
  • 1.8K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Participatory Politics
Participatory politics or parpolity is a theoretical political system proposed by Stephen Shalom, professor of political science at William Paterson University in New Jersey. It was developed as a political vision to accompany participatory economics (parecon). Both parecon and parpolity together make up the libertarian socialist ideology of participism; this has significantly informed the International Organization for a Participatory Society. Shalom has stated that parpolity is meant as a long-range vision of where the social justice movement might want to end up within the field of politics. The values on which parpolity is based are freedom, self-management, justice, solidarity, and tolerance. The goal, according to Shalom, is to create a political system that will allow people to participate as much as possible in a face-to-face manner. The proposed decision-making principle is that every person should have say in a decision proportionate to the degree to which she or he is affected by that decision. The vision is critical of aspects of modern representative democracies arguing that the level of political control by the people is not sufficient. To address this problem parpolity suggests a system of "nested councils", which would include every adult member of a given society.
  • 1.8K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
AmBX
AmBX (officially stylised amBX) is a technology (originally developed by Philips) for controlling incandescent and white/coloured LED lighting and other compatible peripherals. This allows lighting designers, and entertainment media providers to generate custom designed lighting environments that are triggered by compatible peripherals (such as lights). The patents for the technology are now owned by a United Kingdom company based in Redhill, amBX UK LTD. AmBX licenses the technology to entertainment producers at no charge.
  • 1.8K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Physical Properties of Helium and Application in Respiratory Care
Helium is a low-density, inert, monoatomic gas that is widely used in medical applications. In respiratory care, Helium is mainly used as an adjunct therapy for patients with severe upper airway obstruction and asthma. To better understand the action mechanism of helium, the physical properties of several therapeutic gas mixtures with helium are calculated using kinetic theory. Flow in a simplified lung airways model is also shown to support the discussion of helium’s respiratory benefits, including reduced work of breathing.
  • 1.8K
  • 02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Digital Transformation
COVID-19 is a driver of digital transformation. Technology, automation, and collaboration (TAC) is the most positive significant factor which enables work from anywhere (WFA) (or work from home) arrangements and also leads to the third positive factor of a work-life balance (WLB). The top three negative factors are no work-life balance (NWL), social employment issues (SEI), and data security and technology issues (DST). While the pandemic situation is leading to a positive situation for economies and organizations at a micro level, the negative impacts, which will affect overall economic growth as well as social, health, and wealth wellbeing, need to be kept in mind. 
  • 1.8K
  • 26 Aug 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 2728
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback