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Topic Review
Surgical Strategies for Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Resection
Among primary liver cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common. Surgical resection and liver transplantation both represent potentially curative treatments not only in the case of the first occurrence, but also in those cases of disease recurrence if a proper selection of patients is performed ahead. Incidentally, the type and the time of relapse carry important weight on patient prognosis and overall survival. For these cases, proper management has still not been exactly defined.
  • 911
  • 11 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Copper/Disulfiram Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery Systems
Disulfiram (DSF) is a thiocarbamate based drug. Preclinical studies have shown that DSF has anticancer efficacy, and its supplementation with copper (CuII) significantly potentiates the efficacy of DSF. However, the results of clinical trials have not yielded promising results. The elucidation of the anticancer mechanisms of DSF/Cu (II) will be beneficial in repurposing DSF as a new treatment for certain types of cancer. DSF’s anticancer mechanism is primarily due to its generating reactive oxygen species, inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity inhibition, and decreasing the levels of transcriptional proteins. DSF also shows inhibitory effects in cancer cell proliferation, the self-renewal of cancer stem cells (CSCs), angiogenesis, drug resistance, and suppresses cancer cell metastasis. 
  • 911
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Temperature-Sensitive Nanomaterials therapeutic potentials
Nanotechnology has great capability in formulation, reduction of side effects, and enhancing pharmacokinetics of chemotherapeutics by designing stable or long circulating nano-carriers. However, effective drug delivery at the cellular level by means of such carriers is still unsatisfactory. One promising approach is using spatiotemporal drug release by means of nanoparticles with the capacity for content release triggered by internal or external stimuli. Among different stimuli, interests for application of external heat, hyperthermia, is growing. Advanced technology, ease of application and most importantly high level of control over applied heat, and as a result triggered release, and the adjuvant effect of hyperthermia in enhancing therapeutic response of chemotherapeutics, i.e., thermochemotherapy, make hyperthermia a great stimulus for triggered drug release. Therefore, a variety of temperature sensitive nano-carriers, lipid or/and polymeric based, have been fabricated and studied. Importantly, in order to achieve an efficient therapeutic outcome, and taking the advantages of thermochemotherapy into consideration, release characteristics from nano-carriers should fit with applicable clinical thermal setting. Here we introduce and discuss the application of the three most studied temperature sensitive nanoparticles with emphasis on release behavior and its importance regarding applicability and therapeutic potentials.
  • 910
  • 07 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Smartphones for the Detection of Uterine Cervical Cancer
Digital images taken with a smartphone after a visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) or Lugol’s iodine (VILI) may be useful for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Therefore, smartphones could be useful in the early detection of uterine cervical lesions and an alternative to colposcopy in countries with limited health resources.
  • 910
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
PD-1/PD-L1 in Lung Cancer
Immunotherapy is now the preferred treatment for most lung cancer patients. It is used to treat unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer and is the first-line therapy for non-oncogene-driven advanced/metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer patients (either alone or in combination with chemotherapy). The binding of PD-1 to its ligands (PD-L1 or PD-L2) on tumor cells suppresses T cells through a negative feedback loop, thereby leading to evasion of the immune response. Unfortunately, most patients that respond initially to immunotherapy develop resistance over time, thus limiting the durability of immunotherapy.
  • 910
  • 03 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Resectable IIIA-N2 NSCLC
Locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer accounts for one third of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at the time of initial diagnosis and presents with a wide range of clinical and pathological heterogeneity. To date, the combined multimodality approach involving both local and systemic control is the gold standard for these patients, since occult distant micrometastatic disease should always be suspected. With the rapid increase in treatment options, the need for an interdisciplinary discussion involving oncologists, surgeons, radiation oncologists and radiologists has become essential. Surgery should be recommended to patients with non-bulky, discrete, or single-level N2 involvement and be included in the multimodality treatment. Resectable stage IIIA patients have been the subject of a number of clinical trials and retrospective analysis, discussing the efficiency and survival benefits on patients treated with the available therapeutic approaches. However, most of them have some limitations due to their retrospective nature, lack of exact pretreatment staging, and the involvement of heterogeneous populations leading to the awareness that each patient should undergo a tailored therapy in light of the nature of his tumor, its extension and his performance statu
  • 909
  • 04 Aug 2020
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
This study examines the roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most dangerous and common cancers globally. HCC has been widely studied, and its oncogenesis and progression is well understood. Although many therapeutic approaches have been developed, the prognosis for HCC, in terms of late diagnosis, resistance to chemotherapy, tumor recurrence, and metastasis, remains poor. Malignancy causes miRNAs to become deregulated, with widespread consequences in terms of cancer development and prognosis; miRNAs are therefore key therapeutic targets. This comprehensive review summarizes the roles of miRNAs in HCC, and examines their mechanisms of action. We believe that this review makes a significant contribution to the literature because we present an up-to-date and detailed overview of the involvement of miRNAs in HCC, and of their potential as therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
  • 909
  • 13 Dec 2020
Topic Review
ABHD11 Antisense RNA 1
ABHD11-AS1 is an RNA gene known as long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 35 (LINC00035) and Williams–Beuren syndrome chromosome region 26 (WBSCR26), located at 7q11.23.
  • 909
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Similarities and Differences of RhoGDI1 and RhoGDI2
RhoGDI1 and RhoGDI2 (guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI)) have been implicated in multiple human cancers through their involvement in cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis and, thus, are regarded as attractive targets for cancer biology. RhoGDI2 has largely remained in RhoGDI1′s shadow because of its lower abundancy and more restrained distribution. 
  • 909
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Stages, Grades and Types of  Bladder Cancer
The bladder is a hollow organ located in the lower abdominal region. The bladder is contiguous with the ureters above, through which urine flows from the kidneys, and the urethra below, which dispels urine from the body. There are four parts to the bladder, the apex or dome, body, fundus, and neck. The apex is the anterosuperior part of the bladder that points towards the abdominal wall. The fundus, or base, is the posteroinferior part of the bladder. The fundus lies on the inferior aspect of the proximal wall while the apex lies on the anterior aspect of the wall, extending towards the pubic symphysis. The body of the bladder is the large area situated between the apex and the fundus. The neck of the bladder is the constricted part of the bladder that leads to the urethra. The upper part of the bladder consists of the apex and body which are above the ureteric orifices. The lower part consists of the fundus, neck, and trigone. The trigone is an inverted triangular-shaped area of space that is made entirely of smooth muscle. Its superolateral angles are formed by the ureteric orifices. The neck lies at the base of the trigone and it is the most inferior point of the bladder.
  • 908
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Thermometric Parameters to Guide Hyperthermia Treatment
Hyperthermia (HT) is a cancer treatment modality which targets malignant tissues by heating to 40–43 °C. In addition to its direct antitumor effects, HT potently sensitizes the tumor to radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT), thereby enabling complete eradication of some tumor entities as shown in randomized clinical trials. Thermometric parameters of HT are considered to have potential as predictive factors of treatment response.
  • 907
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Imaging Labels for Nanotheranostics in Cancer Treatment
For targeted nanoDDS, imaging serves as a “pilot” evaluation of where a targeted Nanoparticles (NPs) localizes, shedding light on “on-target efficiency”. The image-guided treatment regime can also facilitate identifying patients who lack the common target and will not respond to treatment, which is critical for treatment planning. Designing nanotheranostic particles with high efficiency and translational potential demands careful choice of the composition of NPs, imaging labels to be added to the NPs, in addition to their target of choice and cargo to be delivered.
  • 907
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog Mutations
The Rat Sarcoma virus (RAS) gene family is characterized by three genes (KRAS, NRAS and HRAS) encoding for closely related GTPase proteins responsible for the signal transduction within the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) pathways. KRAS mutations are the most important and frequent alterations in this family, accounting for 85% of RAS mutations observed in the oncologic population.
  • 906
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Comparison of SABR with Other LDTs
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver tumor, with a continually rising incidence. The curative treatment for HCC is surgical resection or liver transplantation; however, only a small portion of patients are eligible due to local tumor burden or underlying liver dysfunction. Most HCC patients receive nonsurgical liver-directed therapies (LDTs), including thermal ablation, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), transarterial radioembolization (TARE), and external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). Stereotactic ablative body radiation (SABR) is a specific type of EBRT that can precisely deliver a high dose of radiation to ablate tumor cells using a small number of treatments (or fractions, typically 5 or less). With onboard MRI imaging, MRI-guided SABR can improve therapeutic dose while minimizing normal tissue exposure.
  • 906
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Tumor Suppressor TAp73
The tumor suppressor TAp73 is a member of the p53 family, which is inhibited in many human solid and hematological tumors. In contrast to those in the p53 gene, mutations in the p73 gene are very rare in tumors, suggesting that the decrease in TAp73 activity and expression detected in those tumors are caused mainly by coordinated post-translational modifications of TAp73.
  • 904
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Fruquintinib in Continuum of Care of Colorectal Cancer
The management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has the continuum of care as the treatment paradigm. To date, trifluridine/tipiracil, a biochemically modulated fluoropyrimidine, and regorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, remain the main options for the majority of patients who progressed to standard doublet- or triplet-based chemotherapies, although a tailored approach could be indicated in certain circumstances. Being highly selective for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1, -2 and -3, fruquintinib demonstrated a strong anti-tumor activity in preclinical models and received approval from China’s National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) in 2018 for the treatment of patients with chemo-refractory mCRC. The approval was based on the results of the phase III FRESCO trial. Then, in order to overcome geographic differences in clinical practice, the FRESCO-2 trial was conducted in the US, Europe, Japan, and Australia. In a heavily pretreated patient population, the study met its primary endpoint, demonstrating an advantage of fruquintinib over a placebo in overall survival (OS).
  • 904
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Exercise Interventions in Cancer Patients
Cancer is a chronic disease requiring long-term treatment. Exercise interventions are increasingly being recognized as an important part of treatment and supportive cancer care for patients and survivors.
  • 904
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Local Treatment Options for BCC
Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human tumour and its incidence is rising worldide. Until a few years ago, the therapeutic options were limited fo patients with advanced BCC including both metastatic and locally-advanced BCC. Over the last years, promising systemic therapies have been investigated for the treatments of advanced BCC. In particular, the Hedgehog signaling inhibition have shown remarkable results for this population. Currently, the Hedgehog inhibitors representing by vismodegib and sonidegib are approved be the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency for the treatment of both locally advanced and metastatic BCC with generally a well safety profile. 
  • 903
  • 07 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy and Colorectal Cancer
Liquid Biopsies (LB) and their different methods have aroused great interest due to their potential possibility to be both sensible and specific markers for the diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of cancers. Nowadays, only the CellSearch platform is a validated method for the enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in metastatic breast, metastatic colon, and metastatic prostate cancers with the approval of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a useful prognostic method. The clinical implementation of LB is not yet widespread.
  • 903
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Early Gastric Cancer
The term early gastric cancer (EGC) and its definition as a carcinoma limited to the mucosa and/or submucosa, regardless of lymph-node status, was first proposed in 1971 and then included in the guidelines of the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. This definition has been criticized, especially with the rise in endoscopic treatment for early lesions. Many studies were conducted, focusing on parameters that can be associated with adverse prognosis, treatment failure, or lymph node metastases in ECG, without reaching a definitive consensus. The main problem originates from the lack of clear criteria distinguishing ECG with excellent prognosis (>98% 5-year survival) from ECG with higher incidence of lymph node metastases and worse prognosis (70% 5-year survival).
  • 903
  • 10 Aug 2021
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