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Topic Review
Manipulating EVs for Therapeutic Applications
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) receive special attention from clinicians due to their assumed usefulness as prognostic markers, immune modulators and physiological delivery tools. The latter application, that supports the reduction of side effects of treatment, is still fraught with many challenges, including established methods for loading EVs with selected cargo and directing them towards target cells. EVs could be loaded with selected cargo either in vitro using several physicochemical techniques, or in vivo by modification of parental cell. Otherwise, EVs may be passively supplemented with selected cargo, such as miRNAs or siRNA. Furthermore, recent findings imply that antigen-specific antibody light chains could coat the surface of EVs to increase the specificity of cell targeting. In addition, the route of EVs’ administration also determines their bioavailability and eventually induced therapeutic effect.
  • 889
  • 03 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Wnt Signaling in Keratinocyte Carcinomas
The skin functions as a barrier between the organism and the surrounding environment. Direct exposure to external stimuli and the accumulation of genetic mutations may lead to abnormal cell growth, irreversible tissue damage and potentially favor skin malignancy. Skin homeostasis is coordinated by an intricate signaling network, and its dysregulation has been implicated in the development of skin cancers. Wnt signaling is one such regulatory pathway orchestrating skin development, homeostasis, and stem cell activation. Aberrant regulation of Wnt signaling cascades not only gives rise to tumor initiation, progression and invasion, but also maintains cancer stem cells which contribute to tumor recurrence.
  • 889
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Immunotherapy with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Tumor biomarkers are cellular and molecular products linked directly or indirectly to the presence of cancer cells that are an expression of the tumor’s intrinsic characteristics and can be identified, measured, and analyzed by specific tests.  Currently, there is an increasing interest in developing novel techniques to extract information on tumor biology directly from patient’s body fluids in a non-invasive way. Liquid biopsy, a non-invasive approach of tumor biomarkers detection, permits a dynamic picture of HCC’s evolution and response to therapy. 
  • 889
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cryosurgery in Breast Cancer Management
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer and the second leading cause of death among women, primarily due to the development of deadly metastases in 25–50% of patients, resulting in an unfavorable prognosis. Consequently, there is growing interest in exploring innovative therapeutic approaches to improve clinical outcomes and enhance the quality of life for breast cancer patients.
  • 889
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lung Carcinogenesis and Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals in plant-based diets are thought to contribute substantially to lung cancer prevention and may be efficacious for targeting lung cancer stem cells.
  • 889
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
PD-1/PD-L1 in Lung Cancer
Immunotherapy is now the preferred treatment for most lung cancer patients. It is used to treat unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer and is the first-line therapy for non-oncogene-driven advanced/metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer patients (either alone or in combination with chemotherapy). The binding of PD-1 to its ligands (PD-L1 or PD-L2) on tumor cells suppresses T cells through a negative feedback loop, thereby leading to evasion of the immune response. Unfortunately, most patients that respond initially to immunotherapy develop resistance over time, thus limiting the durability of immunotherapy.
  • 887
  • 03 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Escin’s Relevant Biological Activities in Cancer Therapy
Although modern medicine is advancing at an unprecedented rate, basic challenges in cancer treatment and drug resistance remain. Exploiting natural-product-based drugs is a strategy that has been proven over time to provide diverse and efficient approaches in patient care during treatment and post-treatment periods of various diseases, including cancer. Escin—a plant-derived triterpenoid saponin—is one example of natural products with a broad therapeutic scope. Initially, escin was proven to manifest potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oedematous effects. However, later, other novel activities of escin relevant to cancer treatment have been reported. It can be demonstrated escin’s efficacy in compositions with other approved drugs to accomplish synergy and increased bioavailability to broaden their apoptotic, anti-metastasis, and anti-angiogenetic effects.
  • 887
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
BRAF Gene and Melanoma
As widely acknowledged, 40–50% of all melanoma patients harbour an activating BRAF mutation (mostly BRAF V600E). The identification of the RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK (MAP kinase) signalling pathway and its targeting has represented a valuable milestone for the advanced and, more recently, for the completely resected stage III and IV melanoma therapy management. However, despite progress in BRAF-mutant melanoma treatment, the two different approaches approved so far for metastatic disease, immunotherapy and BRAF+MEK inhibitors, allow a 5-year survival of no more than 60%, and most patients relapse during treatment due to acquired mechanisms of resistance. Deep insight into BRAF gene biology is fundamental to describe the acquired resistance mechanisms (primary and secondary) and to understand the molecular pathways that are now being investigated in preclinical and clinical studies with the aim of improving outcomes in BRAF-mutant patients. 
  • 886
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Dietary Fatty Acids in Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the major threatening diseases worldwide, being the third most common cancer, and a leading cause of death, with a global incidence expected to increase in the coming years. Enhanced adiposity, particularly visceral fat, is a major risk factor for the development of several tumours, including CRC, and represents an important indicator of incidence, survival, prognosis, recurrence rates, and response to therapy. The obesity-associated low-grade chronic inflammation is thought to be a key determinant in CRC development, with the adipocytes and the adipose tissue (AT) playing a significant role in the integration of diet-related endocrine, metabolic, and inflammatory signals.
  • 886
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Genomic Alterations in ALL
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most successful paradigm of how risk-adapted therapy and detailed understanding of the genetic alterations driving leukemogenesis and therapeutic response may dramatically improve treatment outcomes, with cure rates now exceeding 90% in children. 
  • 886
  • 09 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Targeted Therapies in TNBC
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) constitutes the most aggressive molecular subtype among breast tumors. Despite progress on the underlying tumor biology, clinical outcomes for TNBC unfortunately remain poor. The median overall survival for patients with metastatic TNBC is approximately eighteen months. Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment while there is a growing body of evidence that targeted therapies may be on the horizon with poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and immune check-point inhibitors already established in the treatment paradigm of TNBC. A large number of novel therapeutic agents are being evaluated for their efficacy in TNBC. As novel therapeutics are now incorporated into clinical practice, it is clear that tumor heterogeneity and clonal evolution can result to de novo or acquired treatment resistance. As precision medicine and next generation sequencing is part of cancer diagnostics, tailored treatment approaches based on the expression of molecular markers are currently being implemented in clinical practice and clinical trial design. 
  • 885
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Copper/Disulfiram Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery Systems
Disulfiram (DSF) is a thiocarbamate based drug. Preclinical studies have shown that DSF has anticancer efficacy, and its supplementation with copper (CuII) significantly potentiates the efficacy of DSF. However, the results of clinical trials have not yielded promising results. The elucidation of the anticancer mechanisms of DSF/Cu (II) will be beneficial in repurposing DSF as a new treatment for certain types of cancer. DSF’s anticancer mechanism is primarily due to its generating reactive oxygen species, inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity inhibition, and decreasing the levels of transcriptional proteins. DSF also shows inhibitory effects in cancer cell proliferation, the self-renewal of cancer stem cells (CSCs), angiogenesis, drug resistance, and suppresses cancer cell metastasis. 
  • 885
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog Mutations
The Rat Sarcoma virus (RAS) gene family is characterized by three genes (KRAS, NRAS and HRAS) encoding for closely related GTPase proteins responsible for the signal transduction within the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) pathways. KRAS mutations are the most important and frequent alterations in this family, accounting for 85% of RAS mutations observed in the oncologic population.
  • 885
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Radio-Immunotherapy
Radio-Immunotherapy: the combination effect of radiotherapy and immunotherapy on tumors, which may have much better therapeutic efficacy than each of them alone.
  • 884
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
This study examines the roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most dangerous and common cancers globally. HCC has been widely studied, and its oncogenesis and progression is well understood. Although many therapeutic approaches have been developed, the prognosis for HCC, in terms of late diagnosis, resistance to chemotherapy, tumor recurrence, and metastasis, remains poor. Malignancy causes miRNAs to become deregulated, with widespread consequences in terms of cancer development and prognosis; miRNAs are therefore key therapeutic targets. This comprehensive review summarizes the roles of miRNAs in HCC, and examines their mechanisms of action. We believe that this review makes a significant contribution to the literature because we present an up-to-date and detailed overview of the involvement of miRNAs in HCC, and of their potential as therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
  • 884
  • 13 Dec 2020
Topic Review
LncRNAE2F4
LncRNA is a promising biomarker that predicts the prognosis of a variety of cancers, but the important role of E2F4antisense lncRNA in cancer remains unclear.  E2F4as was highly expressed in ovarian cancer patients, and that the higher the expression of E2F4as, the worse the patient’s prognosis. 
  • 883
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Uveal Melanomas
Traditionally, it has been thought that metastatic spread in uveal melanoma (UM) and dissemination occurs prior to presentation and that treatment of the primary tumor does not change outcome. However, it seems as though small UM tumours can not only be lethal with high risk monosomy 3 mutations, treated at an earlier time point at a smaller stage seems to improve mortality outcomes. 
  • 883
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
BRAFV600E
Despite some successes of selective anti-BRAFV600E inhibitors, resistance remains a major challenge. The aim of our study is to determine the role of nuclear BRAFV600E and its newly identified partner, HMOX1, in melanoma aggressiveness and drug resistance. 
  • 883
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Ellagic Acid and Cancer Hallmarks
Cancer is a complex and multifaceted disease with a high global incidence and mortality rate. Although cancer therapy has evolved significantly over the years, numerous challenges persist on the path to effectively combating this multifaceted disease. Natural compounds derived from plants, fungi, or marine organisms have garnered considerable attention as potential therapeutic agents in the field of cancer research. Ellagic acid (EA), a natural polyphenolic compound found in various fruits and nuts, has emerged as a potential cancer prevention and treatment agent. 
  • 883
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Autophagy in Tumor Immune System
Autophagy is a stress-induced process that eliminates damaged organelles and dysfunctional cargos in cytoplasm, including unfolded proteins. Autophagy is involved in constructing the immunosuppressive microenvironment during tumor initiation and progression. It appears to be one of the most common processes involved in cancer immunotherapy, playing bidirectional roles in immunotherapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that inducing or inhibiting autophagy contributes to immunotherapy efficacy. Exploring autophagy targets and their modifiers to control autophagy in the tumor microenvironment is an emerging strategy to facilitate cancer immunotherapy. 
  • 882
  • 17 Oct 2022
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