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Topic Review
American Petroleum Institute
The American Petroleum Institute (API) is the largest U.S. trade association for the oil and natural gas industry. It claims to represent about 650 corporations involved in production, refinement, distribution, and many other aspects of the petroleum industry. The association describes its mission as to influence public policy in support of a strong, viable U.S. oil and natural gas industry. API's chief functions on behalf of the industry include advocacy, negotiation and lobbying with governmental, legal, and regulatory agencies; research into economic, toxicological, and environmental effects; establishment and certification of industry standards; and education outreach. API both funds and conducts research related to many aspects of the petroleum industry. The current CEO and president is Mike Sommers.
  • 1.9K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Data Locality in High Performance Computing
Big data has revolutionized science and technology leading to the transformation of our societies. High-performance computing (HPC) provides the necessary computational power for big data analysis using artificial intelligence and methods. Data locality is a broad term that encapsulates different aspects including bringing computations to data, minimizing data movement by efficient exploitation of cache hierarchies, reducing intra- and inter-node communications, locality-aware process and thread mapping, and in situ and transit data analysis. 
  • 1.9K
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Nitrogen Compounds Prediction
The prediction of nitrogen not only assists in monitoring the nitrogen concentration in streams but also helps in optimizing the usage of fertilizers in agricultural fields. A precise prediction model guarantees the delivering of better-quality water for human use, as the operations of various water treatment plants depend on the concentration of nitrogen in streams
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Aspergillus
Aspergilli have been widely used in the production of organic acids, enzymes, and secondary metabolites for almost a century. Today, several GRAS (generally recognized as safe) Aspergillus species hold a central role in the field of industrial biotechnology with multiple profitable applications. Since the 1990s, research has focused on the use of Aspergillus species in the development of cell factories for the production of recombinant proteins mainly due to their natively high secretion capacity. Advances in the Aspergillus-specific molecular toolkit and combination of several engineering strategies (e.g., protease-deficient strains and fusions to carrier proteins) resulted in strains able to generate high titers of recombinant fungal proteins
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cosmetic Science
In June 2020, the long-waited “Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Cosmetics” (CSAR) was finally issued by the State Council of China, and this regulation will be implemented from 1 January 2021 [1]. CSAR is the first-time revision and replacement of the “Regulations on Hygiene Supervision of Cosmetics” (CHSR), which was published in 1989. During the past 30 years, substantial changes have happened both in the industry and in consumer needs, and the market has increased significantly. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 1,800,000 valid cosmetic products in China currently in 2020. In addition, new techniques and approaches have appeared, and the concepts of supervision and administration have evolved.
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Cutaneous Melanoma
Cutaneous Melanoma (CM), arising from pigment-producing melanocytes in the skin, is an aggressive cancer with high metastatic potential. While cutaneous melanoma represents only a fraction of all skin cancers (<5%), it accounts for most skin-cancer-related deaths worldwide. Immune checkpoint inhibition has been the first therapeutic approach to significantly benefit patient survival after treatment. Nevertheless, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and the intrinsic and acquired treatment resistance of melanoma remain crucial challenges. Combining local and systemic treatment offers the potential to augment therapeutic response and overcome resistance, although, complex drug combinations can harbor an increased risk of immune-related adverse events.
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
FAAH and Major Depressive Disorder
Altered activity of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), an enzyme of the endocannabinoid system, has been implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). It is speculated that increased brain FAAH expression is correlated with increased depressive symptoms.
  • 1.9K
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Ghrelin
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the ghrelin receptor, previously known as the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. This hormone is mainly produced by endocrine cells present in the gastric mucosa. The ghrelin-producing cells are also present in other organs of the body, mainly in the digestive system, but in much smaller amount. Ghrelin exhibits a broad spectrum of physiological effects, such as stimulation of growth hormone secretion, gastric secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and food intake, as well as regulation of glucose homeostasis and bone formation, and inhibition of inflammatory processes.
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Oxidation Protection of High-Temperature Oxidation-Resistant Coatings
Molybdenum and its alloys, with high melting points, excellent corrosion resistance and high temperature creep resistance, are a vital high-temperature structural material. However, the poor oxidation resistance at high temperatures is a major barrier to their application. 
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Predication
Predication in philosophy refers to an act of judgement where one term is subsumed under another. A comprehensive conceptualization describes it as the understanding of the relation expressed by a predicative structure primordially (i.e. both originally and primarily) through the opposition between particular and general or the one and the many. Predication is also associated or used interchangeably with the concept of attribution where both terms pertain to the way judgment and ideas acquire a new property in the second operation of the mind (or the mental operation of judging).
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Timeline of Women's Suffrage in California
This timeline provides an overview of the political movement for women's suffrage in California. Women's suffrage became legal with the passage of Proposition 4 in 1911 yet not all women were enfranchised as a result of this legislation.
  • 1.9K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pectins and Olive Pectins
Pectins are a component of the complex heteropolysaccharide mixture present in the cell wall of higher plants. Structurally, the pectin backbone includes galacturonic acid to which neutral sugars are attached, resulting in functional regions in which the esterification of residues is crucial. Pectins influence many physiological processes in plants and are used industrially for both food and non-food applications. Pectin-based compounds are also a promising natural source of health-beneficial bioactive molecules. Olives, the fruit of the olive tree, are consumed as part of the healthy Mediterranean diet or processed into olive oil. Pectins from olives have recently emerged as promising compounds with health-beneficial effects. 
  • 1.9K
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Physical Algae Removal Technology
The most commonly used techniques for algae removal by physical methods include mechanical methods, shading technology methods, air flotation, clay flocculation, ultrasonic methods, filtration, ultraviolet irradiation, and adsorption.
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Radeon HD 6000 Series
The Northern Islands series is a family of GPUs developed by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) forming part of its Radeon-brand, based on the 40 nm process. Some models are based on TeraScale 2 (VLIW5), some on the new TeraScale 3 (VLIW4) introduced with them. Starting with this family, the former ATI brand was officially discontinued in favor of making a correlation between the graphics products and the AMD branding for computing platforms (the CPUs and chipsets). Therefore, the AMD brand was used as the replacement. The logo for graphics products and technologies also received a minor makeover (using design elements of the 2010 "AMD Vision" logo). Its direct competitor was Nvidia's GeForce 500 Series; they were launched approximately a month apart.
  • 1.9K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Exosome Isolation Techniques
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-binding vesicles secreted by cells into the extracellular space. The technologies and tools that have been used to purify exosomes from blood and other biofluids have evolved greatly, and this evolution has been driven by the need to accurately assess their biological function, but also and most importantly to decipher their molecular content, with a particular focus on tumor exosome biomarkers 
  • 1.9K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Airport Servicescape
The context of service delivery in the postmodernist era of experience consumption has become a powerful resource. Bitner put forward the concept of a “servicescape” to represent the physical service setting (i.e., the substantive staging of the service environment). Others have expanded this idea of a servicescape to include the social environment (i.e., the communicative staging of the service environment). Customers are said to respond to the elements of the service setting holistically. Premised on the extant conceptualization of a servicescape, the airport servicescape is defined as a composite of the substantive and communicative staging of the airport service environment.
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Solar Energy
As an essential source of renewable energy, solar energy systems are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy.
  • 1.9K
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Apricot Rootstocks with Potential in Hungary
The use of rootstocks and scions has changed, along with their systems of cultivation. Associated with climate change, fruit trees face new ecological and phytopathological challenges. Rootstocks affect the generative and vegetative performance of a scion, such as productivity, span of nonbearing period, growth vigor, shelf-life and quality of fruits. Several traits of rootstocks facilitate the growth of a grafted tree under different climatic and soil conditions. Due to the high risks of cultivation, it is extremely important to determine which rootstocks are suitable for successful apricot production. 
  • 1.9K
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Development of Sorghum-Based Food Products
Due to the increasing interest in sorghum for human nutrition, recent literature reviews highlight its nutrient and bioactive contents, potential health benefits and its ‘gluten-free’ feature. Moreover, a current view of research advances on sorghum-based food products is needed to help both food scientists and industry identify current trends and forward-looking approaches. Studies on homemade processing are still scarce.
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Plant Biostimulants
Modern agriculture is being challenged by deteriorating edaphoclimatic conditions and increasing anthropogenic pressure. This necessitates the development of innovative crop production systems that can sustainably meet the demands of a growing world population while minimizing the environmental impact. The use of plant biostimulants is gaining ground as a safe and ecologically sound approach to improving crop yields.
  • 1.9K
  • 12 Mar 2024
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