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Topic Review
Hippocampal Memory Encoding and Retrieval
The hippocampus participates in the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories. The hippocampus is located in the medial temporal lobe (subcortical), and is an infolding of the medial temporal cortex. The hippocampus plays an important role in the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory during encoding and retrieval stages. These stages do not need to occur successively, but are, as studies seem to indicate, and they are broadly divided in the neuronal mechanisms that they require or even in the hippocampal areas that they seem to activate. According to Gazzaniga, "encoding is the processing of incoming information that creates memory traces to be stored." There are two steps to the encoding process: "acquisition" and "consolidation". During the acquisition process, stimuli are committed to the short term memory stage. Then, consolidation is where the hippocampus along with other cortical structures stabilize an object within the long term memory stage, a process strengthening over time and time again, and is a process for from whom a number of theories have arisen to explain to as of why and how it actually works. After encoding, the hippocampus is capable of going through the retrieval process. The retrieval process consists of accessing stored information; this allows learned behaviors to experience conscious depiction and execution. Encoding and retrieval are both affected by neurodegenerative and anxiety disorders and epilepsy.
  • 782
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Wireless Electronic Devices and Health
The World Health Organization (WHO) has researched electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and their alleged effects on public health, concluding that such exposures within recommended limits do not produce any known adverse health effect. In response to public concern, the WHO established the International EMF Project in 1996 to assess the scientific evidence of possible health effects of EMF in the frequency range from 0 to 300 GHz. They have stated that although extensive research has been conducted into possible health effects of exposure to many parts of the frequency spectrum, all reviews conducted so far have indicated that, as long as exposures are below the limits recommended in the ICNIRP (1998) EMF guidelines, which cover the full frequency range from 0–300 GHz, such exposures do not produce any known adverse health effect. Stronger or more frequent exposures to EMF can be unhealthy, and in fact serve as the basis for electromagnetic weaponry. International guidelines on exposure levels to microwave frequency EMFs such as ICNIRP limit the power levels of wireless devices and it is uncommon for wireless devices to exceed the guidelines. These guidelines only take into account thermal effects, as nonthermal effects have not been conclusively demonstrated. The official stance of the British Health Protection Agency is that “[T]here is no consistent evidence to date that WiFi and WLANs adversely affect the health of the general population”, but also that “...it is a sensible precautionary approach...to keep the situation under ongoing review...”. In 2011, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), an agency of the World Health Organization, classified wireless radiation as Group 2B – possibly carcinogenic. That means that there "could be some risk" of carcinogenicity, so additional research into the long-term, heavy use of wireless devices needs to be conducted.
  • 780
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Interrelation Between Interleukin-2 and Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a severe chronic psychiatric disorder, with a lifetime prevalence of about 1%. Clinically, the symptom of schizophrenia can be grouped into positive symptoms, (such as hallucinations and delusions), negative symptoms (such as social disorder and emotional passivation), mood symptoms (such as depressed mood), psychomotor symptoms, and cognitive impairment. Most patients with schizophrenia suffer from the disease for life, with a low recovery rate. Based a meta-analysis, only 13.5% of patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses met recovery standard. On the one hand, schizophrenia reduces the quality of life and causes a huge burden on patients and their family. On the other hand, schizophrenia reduces life expectancy. People with schizophrenia have an average life expectancy reduction of 15 years, and their suicide rate is between 5% and 10%. The etiology of schizophrenia has remained unclear to date, and there is no appropriate animal model for preclinical study of the symptoms of schizophrenia.
  • 779
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Sexual Antagonistic Coevolution
Sexual antagonistic co-evolution is the relationship between males and females where sexual morphology changes over time to counteract the opposite's sex traits to achieve the maximum reproductive success. This has been compared to an arms race between sexes. In many cases, male mating behavior is detrimental to the female's fitness. For example, when insects reproduce by means of traumatic insemination, it is very disadvantageous to the female's health. During mating, males will try to inseminate as many females as possible, however, the more times a female's abdomen is punctured, the less likely she is to survive. Females that possess traits to avoid multiple matings will be more likely to survive, resulting in a change in morphology. In males, genitalia is relatively simple and more likely to vary among generations compared to female genitalia. This results in a new trait that females have to avoid in order to survive. Additionally, sexual antagonistic co-evolution can be the cause of rapid evolution, as is thought to be the case in seminal proteins known as Acps in species of Drosophila melanogaster. While Acps facilitate the mutually beneficial outcome of increased progeny production, several Acps have detrimental effects on female fitness as they are toxic and shorten her lifespan. This leads to antagonistic co-evolution, as the female must evolve in order to defend herself. When female Drosophila melanogaster are experimentally prevented from co-evolving with males, males rapidly adapt to the static female phenotype. This male adaptation leads to a reduction in female survivorship, which is mediated by an increased rate of remating and increased toxicity of Acps in seminal fluid. Since non-reproductive proteins do not feel the same evolutionary pressure as Acps, they are not evolving nearly as quickly. Consistent with the arms race theory, DNA analyses reveal a two-fold increase in Acp divergence relative to non-reproductive proteins
  • 779
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Effort Incontinence
Urinary incontinence (UI), also known as involuntary urination, is any uncontrolled leakage of urine. It is a common and distressing problem, which may have a large impact on quality of life. It has been identified as an important issue in geriatric health care. The term enuresis is often used to refer to urinary incontinence primarily in children, such as nocturnal enuresis (bed wetting). UI is an example of a stigmatized medical condition, which creates barriers to successful management and makes the problem worse. People may be too embarrassed to seek medical help, and attempt to self-manage the symptom in secrecy from others. Pelvic surgery, pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause are major risk factors. Urinary incontinence is often a result of an underlying medical condition but is under-reported to medical practitioners. There are four main types of incontinence: Treatments include pelvic floor muscle training, bladder training, surgery, and electrical stimulation. Behavioral therapy generally works better than medication for stress and urge incontinence. The benefit of medications is small and long term safety is unclear. Urinary incontinence is more common in older women.
  • 779
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Chalcones and Breast Cancer
There is no doubt that significant progress has been made in tumor therapy in the past decades. The discovery of new molecules with potential antitumor properties still remains one of the most significant challenges in the field of anticancer therapy. Nature, especially plants, is a rich source of phytochemicals with pleiotropic biological activities.
  • 779
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Melatonin in Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine-Immunology
Psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology is the area of study of the intimate relationship between immune, physical, emotional, and psychological aspects. This new way of studying the human body and its diseases was initiated in the 19th century’s first decades. However, the molecules that participate in the communication between the immune, endocrine, and neurological systems are still being discovered.
  • 775
  • 02 Aug 2022
Biography
Siegfried Czapski
Siegfried Czapski (28 May 1861, on the Obra estate near Koschmin in the Province of Posen – 29 June 1907, in Weimar) was a Germany physicist and optician. Czapski was the son of Simon Czapski (1826–1908) and his wife Rosalie Goldenring (1830-1916). His family was Jewish,[1] and he was related to the physician Albert Neisser.[2] In 1870 Czapski's father suffered a serious accident which le
  • 775
  • 09 Dec 2022
Biography
Reinhold Mannkopff
Reinhold Mannkopff (18 May 1894 – 9 April 1978) was a Germany experimental physicist who specialized in spectroscopy. In 1939, he was a member of the first Uranium Club, the German nuclear energy project. After World War II, he was the secretary of the Northwest German branch of the German Physical Society for over 20 years. From 1913 to 1914 and then from 1919 to 1926, Mannkopff studied ph
  • 774
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Growth's Prediction
Abdominal aortic aneurysm represents a distinct group of vascular lesions, in terms of surveillance and treatment. Amongst clinically applicable biomarkers, D-dimers, LDL-C, HDL-C, TC, ApoB, and HbA1c were found to bear the most significant association with AAA growth rates. In terms of the experimental biomarkers, PIIINP, osteopontin, tPA, osteopontin, haptoglobin polymorphisms, insulin-like growth factor I, thioredoxin, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and genetic factors, as polymorphisms and microRNAs were positively correlated with increased AAA expansion rates.
  • 773
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Gelinae
Gelinae is a subfamily of wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. The name is not universally accepted; it is also called Phygadeuontinae, Hemitelinae, and Cryptinae by various authorities. Gelinae was the name used by H. K. Townes in 1969. Species are distributed worldwide. A 5-sided areolet, a short sternaulus, and a puffy face with a convex clypeus are diagnostic characters for most members of this large subfamily. There are about 400 genera.
  • 773
  • 29 Nov 2022
Biography
Rijk Gispen
Rijk Gispen (b.1910 - 6 December 2000), was a Dutch virologist and former Director of the National Institute of Public Health in the Netherlands. He is well known for his research in immunology and the study of orthopoxviruses. In 1949, he reported naturally occurring pox infections in non-human primates. Fifteen years later, he isolated monkeypox virus from healthy monkey kidneys in the Nether
  • 771
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Metabolism and Bioavailability of Olive Bioactive Constituents
Consumption of olive products has been established as a health-promoting dietary pattern due to their high content in compounds with eminent pharmacological properties and well-described bioactivities. However, their metabolism has not yet been fully described. 
  • 770
  • 28 Sep 2022
Biography
Salvino Azzopardi
Salvino Azzopardi (21 June 1931 – 6 August 2006), was a Maltese Jesuit priest, philosopher at Jnana-Deepa Vidyapeeth in Pune, India . He specialised in logic, epistemology, ethics, metaphysics, mysticism, and metaphilosophy. As a philosopher he combined insights from Indian and Western Philosophies. Besides JDV, Pune, India, he has also taught at the Jesuit Philosophate, Kandy, Sri Lanka and D
  • 770
  • 08 Dec 2022
Biography
Lee Grodzins
Lee Grodzins (born July 10, 1926) is an American professor emeritus of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).[1] After groundbreaking work as a researcher at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Grodzins joined the faculty of MIT, where he taught physics for nearly four decades. He was also head of R&D for Niton Corporation, which developed devices to detect dangerous contaminant
  • 768
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Electrospinning for Drug Delivery Systems
The term “drug delivery” refers to administrating the therapeutic effect of a pharmaceutical compound to humans or animals. Progress in the field of disease exploration is widely acknowledged, leading to ongoing research and development of advanced techniques for advanced drug delivery systems (DDSs). Electrospinning is a cost-effective and simple tool that is used for the preparation of drug delivery systems using natural, synthetic, and blended polymers. 
  • 766
  • 27 Sep 2023
Biography
André Zaoui
André Zaoui is a French physicist in material mechanics, born on June 8, 1941. He is a corresponding member of the French Academy of sciences[1] and a member of the French Academy of Technologies[2]. Civil Engineer at the École des Mines de Paris (1963), Master of Science in Physics and Mathematics at the Faculty of Sciences in Paris (1965), Doctor of State in Physics at the Faculty of Scie
  • 765
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Pancreatic Cancer-Secreted Proteins in Tumor Microenvironment
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a ravaging disease with a poor prognosis, requiring a more detailed understanding of its biology to foster the development of effective therapies. The unsatisfactory results of treatments targeting cell proliferation and its related mechanisms suggest a shift in focus towards the tumor microenvironment (TME). The role of cancer-secreted proteins in the complex TME tumor-stroma crosstalk, shedding lights on druggable molecular targets for the development of innovative, safer and more efficient therapeutic strategies is discussed here.
  • 765
  • 13 Oct 2023
Biography
Peter Huttenlocher
Peter Huttenlocher (23 February 1931 – 15 August 2013) was a pediatric neurologist and neuroscientist who discovered how the brain develops in children.[1][2] He is considered to be one of the fathers of developmental cognitive neuroscience.[3][4] He discovered that synapses are created in the first few months of a child's development, and then "pruned", by examining the brains of about 50
  • 764
  • 26 Dec 2022
Biography
Lawrence Hunter
Lawrence E. Hunter is a Professor and Director of the Center for Computational Pharmacology and of the Computational Bioscience Program at the University of Colorado School of Medicine and Professor of Computer Science at the University of Colorado Boulder.[1] He is an internationally known scholar,[2][3] focused on computational biology, knowledge-driven extraction of information from the prima
  • 762
  • 25 Nov 2022
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