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Topic Review
Sugarcane
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is one of the most important industrial cash crops, contributing to the world sugar industry and biofuel production.
  • 1.9K
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Rural Logistic Facilities
Transport has long been considered a concern for rural residents around the world. Rural express logistics, one of the transport topics, is associated with rural residents’ convenience as well as e-commerce development. As key nodes in the network, logistic centers need to be properly located to improve the delivery efficiency. In general, existing studies on rural logistics are mostly conducted qualitatively. Most studies focus on policy suggestions on the development of rural e-commerce, while geographic, economic, and population data are not exploited enough. Although some issues such as route design and rural e-commerce are getting attention, there are still very few studies on site selection of rural logistic centers. Much uncertainty still exists about balancing the coverage rates with the operational cost when evaluating the optimal locations for logistic centers in remote rural areas with low population density. Quantitative methods are urgently needed for solving the logistic center locating problem, especially in areas at the early stages of building a rural logistic network.
  • 1.9K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Detection of Olive Oil Oxidation Status during Storage
Oxidation is an undesirable series of chemical reactions in oil that completely degrade its quality. Oxidation affects the quality of the oil during its production and its subsequent storage, and it is a strictly post-harvest level quality assessment. It describes the handling of olive oil and how it was produced (cold/hot extraction) and stored. It is known that, when an oil is exposed to oxygen, heat, and light, it becomes oxidized.
  • 1.9K
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Boy Scouts of America Membership Controversies
The Boy Scouts of America (BSA), one of the largest private youth organizations in the United States, has policies which prohibit those who are not willing to subscribe to the BSA's Declaration of Religious Principle, which is usually interpreted as banning atheists, and, until January 2014, prohibited all "known or avowed homosexuals", from membership in its Scouting program. The ban on adults who are "open or avowed homosexuals" from leadership positions was lifted in July 2015. Prior to these policy changes, BSA had denied or revoked membership status or leadership positions for violation of these foundational principles. The BSA had contended that its policies were essential in its mission to instill in young people the values of the Scout Promise, or Oath, and Scout Law. The organization's legal right to have these policies was upheld by the United States Supreme Court. In Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, the Supreme Court of the United States has affirmed that as a private organization, the BSA can set its own membership standards. The BSA's policies have been legally challenged but have not been found to constitute illegal discrimination because as a private organization in the United States, the BSA has the right to freedom of association, as determined in the court case. In recent years, the policy disputes have led to litigation over the terms under which the BSA can access governmental resources, including public lands. These policies have led to various disputes and controversies. In 2012, both Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney and then President Barack Obama stated that they opposed the ban on gay Scouts. On May 23, 2013, the BSA's National Council approved a resolution to remove the restriction denying membership to youth on the basis of sexual orientation alone effective January 1, 2014. The policy for adult leaders remained in place until July 27, 2015.
  • 1.9K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Self-Talk and Self-Regulation
The self is usually understood as being multidimensional in nature, made up of both conscious and unconscious levels, and informed by the observations of others; it includes all conceivable private and public aspects that make up who a person is, such as thoughts, emotions, goals, values, sensations, memories, traits, attitudes, physical attributes, behaviors, and skills. The self represents a highly dynamic system constituted of social, cognitive, emotional, motivational, and neurological dimensions.
  • 1.9K
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Probiotics
Probiotics and prebiotics are microbiota-management instruments for improving human health once they may be beneficial for maintaining a healthy community of gut microbiota and bowel function. Probiotic’s main target is the gut, via the gastrointestinal tract, although direct application to other body zones such as the vaginal tract, the oral cavity, and skin have been studied.
  • 1.9K
  • 16 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Nature-Based Solutions
Application of Nature-based solutions face challenges and barriers. It is a recent concept that includes social and economic factors besides the environmental factors for successful and rapid implementation. Thus, the human component—indeed, stakeholder engagement is essential to the success of such initiatives. This literature review provide a complete picture of public participation in NBS processes. The objective was to understand the perceptions, preferences, and perspectives of different actors, the participation drivers and motivations, the participation methods and frameworks, the collaborative governance, and the participation challenges and opportunities in implementation of nature-based solutions in urban areas. 
  • 1.9K
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Barley
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) has been widely used as a model crop for studying molecularand physiological processes such as chloroplast development and photosynthesis. During thesecond half of the 20th century, mutants such as albostrians led to the discovery of thenuclear-encoded, plastid-localized RNA polymerase and the retrograde (chloroplast-to-nucleus)signalling communication pathway, while chlorina-f2 and xantha mutants helped to shed light onthe chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway, on the light-harvesting proteins and on the organization ofthe photosynthetic apparatus. However, during the last 30 years, a large fraction of chloroplastresearch has switched to the more “user-friendly” model species Arabidopsis thaliana, the firstplant species whose genome was sequenced and published at the end of 2000. Despite its manyadvantages, Arabidopsis has some important limitations compared to barley, including the lackof a real canopy and the absence of the proplastid-to-chloroplast developmental gradient acrossthe leaf blade. These features, together with the availability of large collections of natural geneticdiversity and mutant populations for barley, a complete genome assembly and protocols for genetictransformation and gene editing, have relaunched barley as an ideal model species for chloroplastresearch. In this review, we provide an update on the genomics tools now available for barley, andreview the biotechnological strategies reported to increase photosynthesis eciency in model species,which deserve to be validated in barley.
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Induction of heme oxygenase-1 Expression
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) catalyzes the degradation of heme molecules releasing equimolar amounts of biliverdin, iron and carbon monoxide. Its expression is induced in response to stress signals such as reactive oxygen species and inflammatory mediators with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive consequences for the host. Interestingly, several intracellular pathogens responsible for major human diseases have been shown to be powerful inducers of HO-1 expression in both host cells and in vivo. Studies have shown that this HO-1 response can be either host detrimental by impairing pathogen control or host beneficial by limiting infection induced inflammation and tissue pathology. These properties make HO-1 an attractive target for host-directed therapy (HDT) of the diseases in question, many of which have been difficult to control using conventional antibiotic approaches.
  • 1.9K
  • 10 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Prostaglandin E2 and cancer
The involvement of inflammation in cancer progression has been the subject of research for many years. Inflammatory milieu and immune response are associated with cancer progression and recurrence. In different types of tumors, growth and metastatic phenotype characterized by the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, stemness, and angiogenesis, are increasingly associated with intrinsic or extrinsic inflammation. Among the inflammatory mediators, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) supports epithelial tumor aggressiveness by several mechanisms, including growth promotion, escape from apoptosis, transactivation of tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors, and induction of angiogenesis. Moreover, PGE2 is an important player in the tumor microenvironment, where it suppresses antitumor immunity and regulates tumor immune evasion, leading to increased tumoral progression.
  • 1.9K
  • 11 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Steganography and Steganalysis in VoIP
The rapid advance and popularization of VoIP (Voice over IP) has also brought security issues. VoIP-based secure voice communication has two sides: first, for legitimate users, the secret voice can be embedded in the carrier and transmitted safely in the channel to prevent privacy leakage and ensure data security; second, for illegal users, the use of VoIP Voice communication hides and transmits illegal information, leading to security incidents. Therefore, in recent years, steganography and steganography analysis based on VoIP have gradually become research hotspots in the field of information security. Steganography and steganalysis based on VoIP can be divided into two categories, depending on where the secret information is embedded: steganography and steganalysis based on voice payload or protocol. The former mainly regards voice payload as the carrier, and steganography or steganalysis is performed with respect to the payload. It can be subdivided into steganography and steganalysis based on FBC (fixed codebook), LPC (linear prediction coefficient), and ACB (adaptive codebook). The latter uses various protocols as the carrier and performs steganography or steganalysis with respect to some fields of the protocol header and the timing of the voice packet. It can be divided into steganography and steganalysis based on the network layer, the transport layer, and the application layer. Recent research results of steganography and steganalysis based on protocol and voice payload are classified in this paper, and the paper also summarizes their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. The development direction of future research is analyzed. Therefore, this research can provide good help and guidance for researchers in related fields. 
  • 1.9K
  • 17 Sep 2024
Topic Review
Sustainable Catalytic Pyranopyrazole Scaffolds’ Synthesis
Heterocycles are important components of many natural materials and are extremely valuable in organic and medicinal chemistry. Among the heterocyclic entities, pyranopyrazole moieties have demonstrated remarkable biochemical behaviours and activities which provide a versatile skeleton for drug innovation. Hence, many nitrogen-based, fused structures have been incorporated as building blocks of various pharmacological potent scaffolds. Pyranopyrazoles are known for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, cholinesterase-inhibiting, antibacterial and anticancer activities, as well as for their efficacy in treating Alzheimer’s disease. Because of this, several cost-effective synthetic protocols for synthesising pyranopyrazole derivatives—utilising less expensive substrates, reusable catalysts, and eco-friendly solvents—have been developed.
  • 1.9K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Bulgarian Traditional Dry-Cured Meat Products
Artisan food production, with its unique flavors, is a source of knowledge about sustainable use of natural resources. This is because it reflects the skills of local communities in utilizing these resources (e.g., wild and cultivated plants and autochthonous breeds) under specific environmental conditions for a long period of time. Therefore, the use of local ingredients and the reduction in food miles make traditional food a safer, healthier and more ecofriendly choice for consumers. In the present research, the researchers examined the herbal ingredients in Bulgarian dry-cured meats and discuss their contribution to the flavor and durability of the products. 
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Engineering Doctorate
The Doctor of Engineering, or Engineering Doctorate, (abbreviated Eng.D., D.Eng., D.Engr., Dr.Eng., or Dr.-Ing.) is a degree awarded on the basis of advanced study and research in engineering and applied sciences. In most countries, it is a terminal research doctorate. A DEng/EngD is equivalent to a PhD in engineering, but different in that it has a solid industrial base and an additional taught element. The DEng/EngD along with the PhD represents the highest academic qualification in engineering, and the successful completion of either in engineering is generally required to gain employment as a full-time, tenure-track university professor or postdoctoral researcher in the field. Individuals can use the academic title doctor, which is often represented via the English honorific "Dr”. DEng/EngD candidates submit a significant project, typically referred to as a thesis or praxis, consisting of a body of original applied research that may be in principle worthy of publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Candidates must defend this work before a panel of expert examiners called a thesis or dissertation committee.
  • 1.9K
  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pipe Fitting
Pipe fitting or pipefitting is the occupation of installing or repairing piping or tubing systems that convey liquid, gas, and occasionally solid materials. This work involves selecting and preparing pipe or tubing, joining it together by various means, and the location and repair of leaks. Pipe fitting work is done in many different settings: HVAC, manufacturing, hydraulics, refineries, nuclear-powered supercarriers and fast-attack submarines, computer chip fabrication plants, power plant construction, and other steam systems. Pipe fitters (sometimes called simply "fitters") are represented in the US and Canada by the United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry of the United States and Canada. Pipefitters work with a variety of pipe and tubing materials including several types of steel, copper, iron, aluminium, and plastic. Pipe fitting is not plumbing; the two are related but separate trades. Pipe fitters who specialize in fire prevention are called Sprinklerfitters, another related, but separate trade. Materials, techniques, and usages vary from country to country as different nations have different standards to install pipe.
  • 1.9K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Virtual Synchrony
Virtual synchrony is an interprocess message passing (sometimes called ordered, reliable multicast) technology. Virtual synchrony systems allow programs running in a network to organize themselves into process groups, and to send messages to groups (as opposed to sending them to specific processes). Each message is delivered to all the group members, in the identical order, and this is true even when two messages are transmitted simultaneously by different senders. Application design and implementation is greatly simplified by this property: every group member sees the same events (group membership changes and incoming messages) in the same order. A virtually synchronous service is typically implemented using a style of programming called state machine replication, in which a service is first implemented using a single program that receives inputs from clients through some form of remote message passing infrastructure, then enters a new state and responds in a deterministic manner. The initial implementation is then transformed so that multiple instances of the program can be launched on different machines, using a virtually synchronous message passing system to replicate the incoming messages over the members. The replicas will see the same events in the same order, and are in the same states, hence they will make the same state transitions and remain in a consistent state. The replication of the service provides a form of fault-tolerance: if a replica fails (by crashing), the others remain and can continue to provide responses. Different members of the replica group can also be programmed to subdivide the workload, typically by using the group membership to determine their respective roles. This permits a group of N members to run as much as N times faster than a single member, or to handle N times as many requests, while continuing to offer fault-tolerance in the event of a crash. Virtual synchrony is distinguished from classical state machine replication because the model includes features whereby a programmer can request early (optimistic) delivery of messages, or relaxed forms of ordering. When used appropriately, these features can enable substantial speedup. However, the programmer needs to be sure that the relaxation of guarantees will not compromise correctness. For example, in a service that uses locking to protect concurrently updated data, the messaging system can be instructed to use an inexpensive form of message ordering, in which the messaging system respects the ordering in which individual senders send messages (FIFO guarantee) but does not attempt to impose an agreed order if messages are sent concurrently by different senders. Provided that the sender indeed held locks on the data, it can be shown that FIFO ordering suffices for correctness. The benefit is that FIFO ordering is much less costly to implement than total ordering for concurrent messages. To give another example, by delivering messages optimistically, virtual synchrony systems can outperform the Paxos that is normally required for implementation of state machine replication: Paxos normally requires a 2-phase protocol, whereas optimistic virtual synchrony protocols can deliver messages immediately upon their arrival. However, this could result in a violation of the safety property of the state machine replication model. To prevent such problems, the programmer who uses this feature is required to invoke a primitive called flush, which delays the caller until any optimistically delivered messages have reached all of the group members. Provided that the programmer understands this behavior and is careful to call flush before interacting with external clients or persistent storage, higher performance can be achieved without loss of safety. The flexibility associated with these limited forms of event reordering and optimistic early delivery permit virtual synchrony platforms to achieve extremely high data rates while still preserving very strong fault-tolerance and consistency guarantees.
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Definitions of BIM by Organizations and Standards
The first documented representation of the concept of BIM—“building information modelling” was a scientific article by Giles A. (Sander) van Nederveen and Frits P. Tolman, which so named the techniques for multi-faceted representation of a building using views of its model.
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Barley Grass
Barley grass (Hordeum murinum L. spp. glaucum and Hordeum murinum L. subsp. leporinum) typically invades southern Australian cropland, pastures, and disturbed sites, especially on high-phosphorus and -nitrogen soils and competes successfully against common pasture legumes, such as lucerne, reducing the productive life of these pastures and of subsequent grain crops.
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Proteomics Landscape of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia; however, the precise pathophysiology of the disease has not been elucidated yet. Thus, understanding the disease pathology, as well as identification and development of valid biomarkers, are necessary for identifying therapeutic targets and early diagnosis as well as for monitoring disease progression. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics studies on clinical specimens, in-vitro and in-vivo models of AD has greatly aided such efforts.
  • 1.9K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Anion Exchange Membranes with Inorganic Fillers
Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFC) are clean energy conversion devices that are an attractive alternative to the more common proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), because they present, among others, the advantage of not using noble metals like platinum as catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. The AEMs are the central element of many technologically relevant devices, first and foremost alkaline membrane fuel cells (FC). These fuel cells can significantly reduce the amount of noble metal catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and may represent the future of FC development.
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Nov 2021
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