Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Anticancer Activity of Pentagalloyl Glucose
Pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) is a natural hydrolyzable gallotannin abundant in various plants and herbs. It has a broad range of biological activities, specifically anticancer activities, and numerous molecular targets. PGG has a cytotoxic effect on many cancers, including prostate, breast, lung, head and neck, liver, leukemia, cervical, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers. PGG can affect different cancer stages and inhibit tumor growth through multiple mechanisms depending on cell origin, with minimal toxicity against normal cells. PGG targets several aberrant signal-transduction pathways that control cell growth and division, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis.
  • 911
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Biology of Circulating Tumor Cells
Tumor cells circulating in the bloodstream of cancer patients are thought to have the potential to reach and settle in new niches and develop metastasis. Thus, their presence, which shows tumor dissemination from the primary site to distant organs, might be an indicator of the disease progression.
  • 910
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Features of Human Papillomavirus-Negative Adenocarcinoma
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women. It is the leading cause of female deaths in developing countries. Most of these cervical neoplasms are represented by squamous lesions. Cervical adenocarcinoma causes about a quarter of cervical cancers. In contrast to squamous lesions, cervical glandular disease is HPV-negative in about 15–20% of cases. HPV-negative cervical adenocarcinomas typically present in advanced stages at clinical evaluation, resulting in a poorer prognosis. 
  • 910
  • 08 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Enzyme-Mediated Arginine Deprivation Agents for Cancer Therapy
Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid that supports protein synthesis to maintain cellular functions. Arginine also promotes wound healing, cell division, ammonia metabolism, immune system regulation, and hormone biosynthesis—all of which are critical for tumor growth. Several arginine deprivation strategies have been developed and entered clinical trials. The main principle behind these therapies is that arginine auxotrophic tumors rely on external arginine sources for growth because they carry reduced key arginine-synthesizing enzymes such as argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1) in the intracellular arginine cycle. To obtain anticancer effects, modified arginine-degrading enzymes, such as PEGylated recombinant human arginase 1 (rhArg1-PEG) and arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG 20), have been developed and shown to be safe and effective in clinical trials. They have been tried as a monotherapy or in combination with other existing therapies.
  • 910
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
ECM-related Genes in Colorectal Carcinoma
During bowel cancer screening programs, many diagnostically problematic polyps are removed. The greatest challenge is to distinguish between adenomas with epithelial misplacement and adenomas with early carcinoma, considering the diagnosis affects prognosis and treatment. Researcher’s aim was to analyze the expression of extracellular matrix related genes and proteins, namely DCN, EPHA4, FN1, SPARC, SPON2, and SPP1. Differences were observed in most of the analyzed genes and proteins in adenoma with epithelial misplacement in comparison to adenoma with early carcinoma, reflecting inflammatory stromal reaction to traumatisation and misplacement of dysplastic glands in the submucosa in the former, and desmoplastic stromal reaction to true invasion of dysplastic glands in the submucosa in the latter. 
  • 909
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Models for Penile Cancer
Penile cancer is an uncommon and understudied malignancy that is most commonly diagnosed in developing countries. A large proportion of these tumors are caused by infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), while others are HPV-negative and linked with chronic inflammatory conditions. Relevant cell-based and in vivo animal models are essential to drive research on this type of cancer.
  • 909
  • 17 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Colorectal Cancer Therapy
Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), namely acetate, butyrate, and propionate, have the ability to modulate the tumor microenvironment in distinct ways. SCFAs promote immune cell differentiation, downregulate the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, and restrict the tumor-induced angiogenesis. SCFAs also sustain the integrity of basement membranes and modulate the intestinal pH. Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients have lower concentrations of SCFAs than healthy individuals. Increasing the production of SCFAs through the manipulation of the gut microbiota could constitute an important therapeutic strategy towards CRC due to their antitumorigenic effect and ability of modulating tumor microenvironment.
  • 909
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
PRMT5 in MYC-Amplified Medulloblastoma
MYC amplification or overexpression is most common in Group 3 medulloblastomas and is positively associated with poor clinical outcomes. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) overexpression has been shown to be associated with tumorigenic MYC functions in cancers, particularly in brain cancers such as glioblastoma and medulloblastoma. PRMT5 regulates oncogenes, including MYC, that are often deregulated in medulloblastomas. However, the role of PRMT5-mediated post-translational modification in the stabilization of these oncoproteins remains poorly understood. The potential impact of PRMT5 inhibition on MYC makes it an attractive target in various cancers. PRMT5 inhibitors are a promising class of anti-cancer drugs demonstrating preclinical and preliminary clinical efficacies. 
  • 909
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
DNA Methylation in Low-Grade Gliomas
Gliomas, the most common type of malignant primary brain tumor, were conventionally classified through WHO Grades I–IV (now 1–4), with low-grade gliomas being entities belonging to Grades 1 or 2. While the focus of the WHO Classification for Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors had historically been on histopathological attributes, the recently released fifth edition of the classification (WHO CNS5) characterizes brain tumors, including gliomas, using an integration of histological and molecular features, including their epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation which are increasingly being used for the classification of low-grade gliomas. 
  • 909
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Bone Metastases from Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer (GC) is the third cause of cancer-related death worldwide; the prognosis is poor especially in the case of metastatic disease; bone metastases are rare. Their impact on prognosis is still under debate.
  • 908
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Inhibitory Checkpoint Receptors
Inhibitory checkpoint receptors play a critical role in immune homeostasis. In health, the expression of checkpoint receptors is upregulated following the activation of antigen specific T-cells to temper the pro-inflammatory response. However, upon prolonged activation with a persisting antigen, such as chronic viral infections or in cancer, checkpoint expression is maintained, and effector T-cells enter a state of 'exhaustion'. Exhausted T-cells demonstrate a progressively reduced proliferative capacity and the loss of effector T-cell functions including the production of inflammatory cytokines and degranulation. Accordingly, there has been a rapid expansion in therapeutic targeting of these checkpoint receptors to reinvigorate the effector functions of exhausted T-cells.
  • 908
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Perineural Invasion and the Perineural Niche
Perineural invasion (PNI) is a very well known process by pathologists and one the most actively studied events in cancer–nerve relations at the molecular level. The discrete microenvironment surrounding an invaded nerve, also called the perineural niche, is formed by neural cells, supporting cells, inflammatory cells, extracellular matrix, blood vessels, and immune components.
  • 908
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
PyK2-Associated Molecules in Cancer
PyK2 is a member of the proline-rich tyrosine kinase and focal adhesion kinase families and is ubiquitously expressed. PyK2 is mainly activated by stimuli, such as activated Src kinases and intracellular acidic pH. The mechanism of PyK2 activation in cancer cells has been addressed extensively. The acidic milieu is a favorable condition in cancer systems. Various evidence has shown that the activation of PyK2 regulated cancer progression and migration. Thus,  the mechanism of molecular interaction in regulating PyK2 activity in cancer and PyK2-associated strategies against cancer was summarized.
  • 908
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mechanism of Action of the Plagiochilins
Plagiochilin A functions as an inhibitor of the termination phase of cytokinesis: the membrane abscission stage. This unique, innovative mechanism of action, coupled with its marked anticancer action, notably against prostate cancer cells, make plagiochilin A an interesting lead molecule for the development of novel anticancer agents. There are known options to increase its potency, as deduced from structure–activity relationships. The analysis shed light on this family of bryophyte species and the little-known group of bioactive terpenoid plagiochilins. Plagiochilin A and derivatives shall be further exploited for the design of novel anticancer targeting the cytokinesis pathway.
  • 907
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells
Colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSCs) is a small cells population with stemness behaviors and responsible for tumor progression, recurrence, and therapy resistance. The generation of CCSCs is probably connected to genetic changes in members of signaling pathways, which control self-renewal and pluripotency in SCs and then establish function and phenotype of CCSCs. Particularly, various deregulated CCSC-related miRNAs have been reported to modulate stemness features, controlling CCSCs functions such as regulation of cell cycle genes expression, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasization, and drug-resistance mechanisms. Primarily, CCSC-related miRNAs work by regulating mainly signal pathways known to be involved in CCSCs biology.
  • 906
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Theranostic Applications of Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are mainly featured as a heterogeneous population of membrane-enclosed, non-replicating, and sub-micron sized structures, which are actively secreted by  wide variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. In addition, EVs are mediators of communication between cells in physiological and pathological settings, and they transport a diverse array of biomolecules, including lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and proteins. This article discusses the role of EVs in cancer drug resistance and the literature proposing the use of EVs for therapeutic and prognostic purposes in cancer. 
  • 906
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Gastric Carcinoma and Pre-neoplastic Lesions
Gastric carcinoma (GC) represents one of the most common and most lethal malignancies worldwide. The histopathological characterization of GC precursor lesions has provided great knowledge about gastric carcinogenesis, with the consequent introduction of effective strategies of primary and secondary prevention. In recent years, a large amount of data about the molecular events in GC development is emerging, flanking the histomorphological descriptions. 
  • 906
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Tissue- and Blood-Based mRNA Tests in Breast Cancer
Molecular diagnostic tests help clinicians understand the underlying biological mechanisms of their patients’ breast cancer (BC) and facilitate clinical management. Several tissue-based mRNA tests are used routinely in clinical practice, particularly for assessing the BC recurrence risk, which can guide treatment decisions. Blood-based mRNA assays have only recently started to emerge.
  • 906
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Smartphones for the Detection of Uterine Cervical Cancer
Digital images taken with a smartphone after a visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) or Lugol’s iodine (VILI) may be useful for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Therefore, smartphones could be useful in the early detection of uterine cervical lesions and an alternative to colposcopy in countries with limited health resources.
  • 906
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Metabolism
Energy is needed by cancer cells to stay alive and communicate with their surroundings. The primary organelles for cellular metabolism and energy synthesis are mitochondria. Researchers recently proved that cancer cells can steal immune cells’ mitochondria using nanoscale tubes. This finding demonstrates the dependence of cancer cells on normal cells for their living and function. It also denotes the importance of mitochondria in cancer cells’ biology. Emerging evidence has demonstrated how mitochondria are essential for cancer cells to survive in the harsh tumor microenvironments, evade the immune system, obtain more aggressive features, and resist treatments. For instance, functional mitochondria can improve cancer resistance against radiotherapy by scavenging the released reactive oxygen species. Therefore, targeting mitochondria can potentially enhance oncological outcomes, according to this notion. The tumors’ responses to anticancer treatments vary, ranging from a complete response to even cancer progression during treatment. Therefore, personalized cancer treatment is of crucial importance. So far, personalized cancer treatment has been based on genomic analysis. Evidence shows that tumors with high mitochondrial content are more resistant to treatment.
  • 906
  • 21 Aug 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 129
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback