Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
CA125 and Ovarian Cancer
 The tumour biomarker CA125 has been used as a biomarker for ovarian cancer detection and progression.
  • 932
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Lung/Pancreatic Cancer
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are prominent and key components of the TME in most types of solid tumors. Extensive research over the past decade revealed their ability to modulate cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, tumor mechanics, immunosuppression, and drug access through synthesis and remodeling of the extracellular matrix and production of growth factors. Thus, they are considered to impede the response to current clinical cancer therapies. Therefore, targeting CAFs to counteract these protumorigenic effects, and overcome the resistance to current therapeutic options, is an appealing and emerging strategy.
  • 932
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) is a rare malignancy, with most cases associated with human papilloma virus and an increased incidence in immunocompromised patients.
  • 932
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Breast Cancer in Asia
Nearly all breast cancer patients survive for more than five years when the tumor is found early and in the localized stage. Regular clinical breast examinations, mammograms, and monthly self-exams of the breasts all contribute to early detection. However, late-stage breast cancers are common in many Asian countries. Low-income countries suffer from a lack of resources for breast cancer screening. Close to half (45.4%) of the 2.3 million breast cancers (BC) diagnosed in 2020 were from Asia.
  • 932
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Treatment of Brain Metastases
Brain metastases are the most common brain tumor and frequently originate from primary lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma. Brain metastases account for a disproportionately high percentage of morbidity and mortality among patients with cancer, with dismal 2- and 5-year survival rates of 8.1 and 2.4% after diagnosis. There are an estimated 200,000 new brain metastases diagnoses per year, and this number is projected to increase as systemic treatment modalities and imaging techniques improve. Despite the increasing prevalence of brain metastases, there are limited treatment options. While radiotherapy (RT) is a mainstay to treat brain metastases, systemic therapies have historically demonstrated limited ability to penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as a promising treatment option for patients with brain metastases.
  • 932
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Solitary Fibrous Tumor
Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a malignant condition that exhibits different clinical behaviors ranging from low to high aggressive SFT. Even when surgery alone provides curation rates above 60%, recurrences do occur in a fraction of patients where surgery is unable to provide disease control. Among the systemic therapeutic options, antiangiogenic compounds have shown higher efficacy than chemotherapy by indirect comparisons. 
  • 930
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Personalized Biomarkers in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide, with a high incidence and mortality. Although many treatment options are available for metastatic disease, patient survival is still limited.
  • 930
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Targets and Therapies
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has revolutionized the treatment of many cancer types, including head and neck cancers (HNC). When checkpoint and partner proteins bind, these send an “off” signal to T cells, which prevents the immune system from destroying tumor cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has revolutionized the treatment of many cancer types, including head and neck cancers (HNC).
  • 930
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
ASIC1/2, TRPV1/4 in skin Tumors
The acid-sensing ion channels ASIC1 and ASIC2, as well as the transient receptor potential vanilloid channels TRPV1 and TRPV4, are proton-gated cation channels that can be activated by low extracellular pH (pHe), which is a hallmark of the tumor microenvironment in solid tumors. However, the role of these channels in the development of skin tumors is still unclear.
  • 929
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Lung Carcinogenesis and Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals in plant-based diets are thought to contribute substantially to lung cancer prevention and may be efficacious for targeting lung cancer stem cells.
  • 929
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Targeted Therapies for Gastric Cancer
Many phase III trials failed to demonstrate a survival benefit from the addition of molecular therapy to conventional chemotherapy for advanced and metastatic gastric cancer, and only three agents were approved by the FDA. Despite recent advances in surgical techniques and in anticancer drugs, and the adoption of perioperative treatments mostly based on conventional chemotherapy, the prognosis of advanced and metastatic gastric cancer remains poor. In the last decade, the addition of molecular therapy did not show any significant survival advantage, and the first reports available documented an increase of the rate of severe adverse effects and related mortality. The survival benefits of molecular therapies available to date for advanced and metastatic gastric cancer are rather unclear, mostly due to inaccurate patient selection, particularly concerning oncogene amplification and copy number.
  • 928
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Perineural Invasion and the Perineural Niche
Perineural invasion (PNI) is a very well known process by pathologists and one the most actively studied events in cancer–nerve relations at the molecular level. The discrete microenvironment surrounding an invaded nerve, also called the perineural niche, is formed by neural cells, supporting cells, inflammatory cells, extracellular matrix, blood vessels, and immune components.
  • 928
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mechanism of Action of the Plagiochilins
Plagiochilin A functions as an inhibitor of the termination phase of cytokinesis: the membrane abscission stage. This unique, innovative mechanism of action, coupled with its marked anticancer action, notably against prostate cancer cells, make plagiochilin A an interesting lead molecule for the development of novel anticancer agents. There are known options to increase its potency, as deduced from structure–activity relationships. The analysis shed light on this family of bryophyte species and the little-known group of bioactive terpenoid plagiochilins. Plagiochilin A and derivatives shall be further exploited for the design of novel anticancer targeting the cytokinesis pathway.
  • 928
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Emerging Tumor Markers in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) is characterized by silent progression and late-stage diagnosis. It is critical to detect and accurately diagnose the disease early to improve survival rates. Tumor markers have emerged as valuable tools in the diagnosis and management of OC, offering non-invasive and cost-effective options for screening, monitoring, and prognosis.
  • 928
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Glucose Transporters and Breast Cancer
Reprogramming of cellular energy metabolism is widely accepted to be a cancer hallmark. The deviant energetic metabolism of cancer cells-known as the Warburg effect-consists in much higher rates of glucose uptake and glycolytic oxidation coupled with the production of lactic acid, even in the presence of oxygen. Consequently, cancer cells have higher glucose needs and thus display a higher sensitivity to glucose deprivation-induced death than normal cells. So, inhibitors of glucose uptake are potential therapeutic targets in cancer. Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and a leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Overexpression of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT), mainly GLUT1, in breast cancer cells is firmly established, and the consequences of GLUT inhibition and/or knockout are under investigation.
  • 927
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal Cancers
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is the landmark feature of DNA mismatch repair deficiency, which can be found in 15–20% of all colorectal cancers (CRC). 
  • 927
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Resveratrol in Brain Cancer
A brain tumor (BT) is a condition in which there is growth or uncontrolled development of the brain cells, which usually goes unrecognized or is diagnosed at the later stages. Since the mechanism behind BT is not clear, and the various physiological conditions are difficult to diagnose, the success rate of BT is not very high. This is the central issue faced during drug development and clinical trials with almost all types of neurodegenerative disorders. Resveratrol (RES) is a polyphenol extracted from mulberries (Morus species), grapes (Vitis vinifera), and peanuts (Arachis hypogaea). It is a phytoalexin that spermatophytic plants make in reaction to stress, damage, or UV radiation, as well as fungus (e.g., Botrytis cinerea) and/or another pathogen. RES has been proven to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and analgesic properties, as well as a function in diabetes and obesity. Because of its growing importance in neurological illnesses such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and other neurodegenerative disorders, as well as BT, RES has received a lot of attention.
  • 927
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles Surfaces for Cancer Immunotherapy
Extracellular vesicles are small membranous particles secreted by cells. Extracellular vesicles facilitate the transportation of biomolecules, such as protein, RNA, and DNA fragments, to communicate with neighboring and distant cells. Cancer cells use extracellular vesicles to hijack the immune system and induce cancer-promoting signals. Modifying extracellular vesicles using surface engineering tools allows the addition of biomolecules for targeted delivery, thus modulating the hijacked tumor immune microenvironment to improve therapeutic efficacy.
  • 927
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Models for Penile Cancer
Penile cancer is an uncommon and understudied malignancy that is most commonly diagnosed in developing countries. A large proportion of these tumors are caused by infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), while others are HPV-negative and linked with chronic inflammatory conditions. Relevant cell-based and in vivo animal models are essential to drive research on this type of cancer.
  • 926
  • 17 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Hypoxic Cells for Tumor Radiotherapy
Radiation therapy plays an increasingly important role in cancer treatment. It can inhibit the progression of various cancers through radiation-induced DNA breakage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overload. Unfortunately, solid tumors, such as breast and lung cancer, often develop a hypoxic microenvironment due to insufficient blood supply and rapid tumor proliferation, thereby affecting the effectiveness of radiation therapy. Restraining hypoxia and improving the curative effect of radiotherapy have become difficult problems. Ferroptosis is a new type of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation due to iron metabolism disorders and ROS accumulation.
  • 926
  • 16 May 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 129
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback