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Topic Review
Intravenous Immunoglobulins Treatment for Autoimmune Diseases
Intravenous administration of immunoglobulins has been routinely used for many years in clinical practice, developed initially as replacement therapy in immunodeficiency disorders. The use of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) is embedded in the modern algorithms for the management of a few diseases, while in most cases, their application is off-label and thus different from their registered therapeutic indications according to the summary of product characteristics. 
  • 617
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
ML in Achieving Precision Medicine in Systemic Sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare connective tissue disease that can affect different organs and has extremely heterogenous presentations. This complexity makes it difficult to perform an early diagnosis and a subsequent subclassification of the disease. This hinders a personalized approach in clinical practice. In this context, machine learning (ML), a branch of artificial intelligence (AI), is able to recognize relationships in data and predict outcomes. ML has been used to stratify SSc patients and identify those at high risk of severe complications. Additionally, ML may be useful in the early detection of organ involvement. Furthermore, ML might have a role in target therapy approach and in predicting drug response.
  • 593
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Dysuricemia on the Path toward Normouricemia
The disease concept of “dysuricemia” includes hyperuricemia and hypouricemia. Both influence diseases in humans. Uric acid plays dual roles in oxidative stress: it has both an anti-oxidative protective effect and a pro-oxidative and/or a harmful crystal-forming effect. Extensive research on the relationship between the serum urate (SU) level and several common disease risks show characteristic patterns that are broadly classifiable into three patterns: the “gout pattern,” “neurodegenerative disease (ND) pattern,” and “chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) pattern”. In short, “the lower, the better” is incorrect; the ideal is to maintain normouricemia, or an optimal SU level, to reduce the risks of the common diseases associated with dysuricemia.
  • 591
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cytokine Signalling Pathways of JAK Kinases
The discovery of JAK kinases, which are tyrosine kinases coupled with cytokine receptors, may open a new chapter in the treatment of so far untreatable diseases.
  • 575
  • 18 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Bioadhesive and Injectable Hydrogels
Injectable bioadhesive hydrogels, known for their capacity to carry substances and adaptability in processing, offer great potential across various biomedical applications. They are especially promising in minimally invasive stem cell-based therapies for treating cartilage damage. This approach harnesses readily available mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to differentiate into chondrocytes for cartilage regeneration.
  • 556
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Predisposing Factors of B-Cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
In pSS, chronic antigenic stimulation gradually drives the evolution from polyclonal B-cell expansion to oligoclonal/monoclonal B-cell predominance to malignant B-cell transformation. Thus, most pSS-related lymphomas are B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs), with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas predominating, followed by diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) and nodal marginal zone lymphomas (NMZLs).
  • 555
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
AI to Identify Novel Therapeutics for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that has a significant impact on quality of life and work capacity. Treatment of RA aims to control inflammation and alleviate pain; however, achieving remission with minimal toxicity is frequently not possible with the current suite of drugs.
  • 544
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms Linking Hyperuricemia and Kidney Disease Progression
Gout is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD), owing to impaired uric acid excretion. However, treating gout in this population is challenging due to concerns about medication safety and efficacy with reduced kidney function. The 2020 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guidelines recommend nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), colchicine, and systemic glucocorticoids to treat acute gout flares. These can also be used as prophylaxis when starting urate-lowering therapy (ULT) to prevent flares. For ULT drugs like allopurinol, febuxostat, probenecid, benzbromarone, lesinurad, and pegloticase, key efficacy outcomes per most guidelines include: achieving target serum urate levels (<6 or <5 mg/dL), resolving tophi, reducing gout flares over time, improving quality of life, and radiographic changes. 
  • 538
  • 19 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota in SLE and Lupus Nephritis
Lupus nephritis is a severe manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is caused by immune dysregulation and kidney inflammation. In recent findings, gut microbiota potentially acts as primary mediators to enhance immune complex deposition, complement activation, and macrophage infiltration, and led to renal inflammation. Gut inflammation, known as leaky gut, allows pathogenic bacteria to enter the blood stream to form immune complexes which deposit on the kidney. Lymphocytes and macrophages induct a proinflammatory cytokine milieu that leads to kidney inflammation. Accumulating pieces of evidence from the field of gender bias, dietary habit, alcohol, smoking and antibiotic consumption were closely related to dysbiosis of gut microbiota in SLE.
  • 519
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
The Contribution of Innate Immunity in Large-Vessel Vasculitis
Large-vessel vasculitis (LVV) are granulomatous vasculitis affecting medium- and large-sized arteries, especially the aorta and its main branches. They are mainly represented by giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu arteritis (TAK), both marked by vessel wall inflammation and remodeling, accounting for arterial stenosis and subsequent ischemic manifestations or aortic aneurysms and dissection.
  • 497
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Childhood-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
The pathogenesis of childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) is complex and not fully understood. It involves three key factors: genetic risk factors, epigenetic mechanisms, and environmental triggers. Genetic factors play a significant role in the development of the disease, particularly in younger individuals. While cSLE has traditionally been considered a polygenic disease, it is now recognized that in rare cases, a single gene mutation can lead to the disease.
  • 474
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Risk Evaluation in Patients with Gout
Gout is the monosodium urate (MSU) crystal deposition disease. The experts from the Gout, Hyperuricemia, and Crystal-Associated Disease Network (G-CAN) defined the disease as being present when MSU crystal deposition is accompanied by clinical manifestations such as flares, persistent arthritis, and/or tophi. Gout is intimately associated with cardiovascular disease—especially in cases of an atherosclerosis origin, but also with others such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation, or aortic valve stenosis. Besides the common presence of vascular comorbidities in gout sufferers, the disease is—in itself—an independent cardiovascular risk factor, with disease events and mortality attributable to having this condition. Crystal-derived persistent inflammation is likely behind the association.
  • 468
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Alarmins in Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease in which genetics, aging, obesity, and trauma are well-known risk factors. It is the most prevalent joint disease and the largest disability problem worldwide. Findings have described the role of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the course of the disease. In particular, alarmins such as HMGB1, IL-33, and S100B, appear implicated in enhancing articular inflammation and favouring a catabolic switch in OA chondrocytes.
  • 454
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenetic Mechanism in Giant Cell Arteritis
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an autoimmune disease affecting large vessels in patients over 50 years old. It is an exemplary model of a classic inflammatory disorder with IL-6 playing the leading role.
  • 449
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Immune Bases of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is an immune-mediated disease affecting children under sixteen for at least six weeks. It manifests with joint inflammation, stiffness, and restricted movement. Unlike adult rheumatoid arthritis, JIA is often outgrown, but it may impact bone development in those still growing. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is currently the most common chronic rheumatic disease in children. It is known to have no single identity, but a variety of diagnoses. 
  • 448
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Unraveling the Complex Web of Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia is a complex and often misunderstood chronic pain disorder. It is characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and heightened sensitivity, and has evolved in diagnostic criteria and understanding over the years. Initially met with skepticism, fibromyalgia is now recognized as a global health concern affecting millions of people, with a prevalence transcending demographic boundaries.
  • 90
  • 25 Sep 2025
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