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Topic Review
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence Factors
Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes serious infections and hospital-acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. The poor clinical outcome of P. aeruginosa-induced pneumonia is ascribed to its ability to disrupt lung barrier integrity, leading to the development of lung edema and bacteremia. Airway epithelial and endothelial cells are important architecture blocks that protect the lung from invading pathogens. P. aeruginosa produces a number of virulence factors that can modulate barrier function, directly or indirectly, through exploiting cytoskeleton networks and intercellular junctional complexes in eukaryotic cells.
  • 2.0K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Inversion Probe
Molecular Inversion Probe (MIP) belongs to the class of Capture by Circularization molecular techniques for performing genomic partitioning, a process through which one captures and enriches specific regions of the genome. Probes used in this technique are single stranded DNA molecules and, similar to other genomic partitioning techniques, contain sequences that are complementary to the target in the genome; these probes hybridize to and capture the genomic target. MIP stands unique from other genomic partitioning strategies in that MIP probes share the common design of two genomic target complementary segments separated by a linker region. With this design, when the probe hybridizes to the target, it undergoes an inversion in configuration (as suggested by the name of the technique) and circularizes. Specifically, the two target complementary regions at the 5’ and 3’ ends of the probe become adjacent to one another while the internal linker region forms a free hanging loop. The technology has been used extensively in the HapMap project for large-scale SNP genotyping as well as for studying gene copy alterations and characteristics of specific genomic loci to identify biomarkers for different diseases such as cancer. Key strengths of the MIP technology include its high specificity to the target and its scalability for high-throughput, multiplexed analyses where tens of thousands of genomic loci are assayed simultaneously.
  • 2.0K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Complementarity
In physics, complementarity is a conceptual aspect of quantum mechanics that Niels Bohr regarded as an essential feature of the theory. The complementarity principle holds that objects have certain pairs of complementary properties which cannot all be observed or measured simultaneously. An example of such a pair is position and momentum. Bohr considered one of the foundational truths of quantum mechanics to be the fact that setting up an experiment to measure one quantity of a pair, for instance the position of an electron, excludes the possibility of measuring the other, yet understanding both experiments is necessary to characterize the object under study. In Bohr's view, the behavior of atomic and subatomic objects cannot be separated from the measuring instruments that create the context in which the measured objects behave. Consequently, there is no "single picture" that unifies the results obtained in these different experimental contexts, and only the "totality of the phenomena" together can provide a completely informative description.
  • 2.0K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Composition of Natural Asphalts
Natural asphalts (NAs) can be an economical and environmental alternative in pavement construction. Most studies have investigated them as binder and asphalt mixture modifiers due to their high compatibility with conventional asphalts. 
  • 2.0K
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Nanocellulose-Reinforced Rubber Matrix Composites
Research and development of nanocellulose (NC) and nanocellulose-reinforced composite materials have garnered substantial interest in recent years. Rubber is a common material with a large array of applications, greatly attributed to its mechanical strength and versatility. When rubber is extracted from its natural source, it needs to undergo a compounding stage where fillers are added to reinforce the material prior to further processing. The application of nanocellulose and its variants as a substitute of conventional fillers like carbon black (CB) and silica could further reduce environmental impacts and cost as it is derived from organic biomass. Incorporation of nanocellulose as a reinforcing material could also be extended to synthetic rubber composites to carry out a similar function of improving mechanical integrity.
  • 2.0K
  • 04 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Distributed Deep Learning: From Single-Node to Multi-Node Architecture
During the last years, deep learning (DL) models have been used in several applications with large datasets and complex models. These applications require methods to train models faster, such as distributed deep learning (DDL). Local parallelism is considered quite important in the design of a time-performing multi-node architecture because DDL depends on the time required by all the nodes. 
  • 2.0K
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Regional Hydro-Ecological Simulation System
Regional Hydro-Ecological Simulation System (RHESSys), a distributed physical processes-based ecohydrological model, that can simulate the regional multi-components cycle of nitrogen, carbon, and water. Many RHESSys-based studies have been implemented for sustainable watershed management. 
  • 2.0K
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Double-Reheat Boiler in China
The ultra-supercritical (USC) double-reheat technology is an immediate area of research focus in China, since the thermal efficiency of USC double-reheat unit is higher than the USC single-reheat unit. The parameters and capacity of USC double-reheat unit in China have made major breakthroughs, and the thermal efficiency of the units are as high as 47–48%, which is the highest in the world. USC double-reheat boiler is one of the most important devices for USC double-reheat unit, and the design concept and precision have a vital effect on the operation of boiler and power station. The most difficult and important factors in the design of double-reheat boiler are the layout of heating surface and the steam temperature regulation method.
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Optimizing availability in IoT
The edge, fog and cloud computing integration has enabled plenty of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, offering high connectivity, scalability, and high availability. Smart cities, smart agriculture and e-health systems are examples of IoT applications that can take many advantages by using those technologies. However, due to the complexity of the scenarios and the heterogeneity of the devices, the management is not a trivial task. While facilitating storage and processing at the end device (the edge), at the intermediary layer (the fog), or centrally (the cloud), it also introduces new points of failure at and between each layer. In some use cases, such as e-health, device availability has a high criticality. Any downtime impacting one or more components in the architecture can result in adverse effects and/or additional logistical effort and cost. This chapter discusses decision-making strategies for maximizing availability using as example three IoT scenarios: smart city, smart agriculture and e-health systems.
  • 2.0K
  • 21 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Antihypertensives’ around the Clock
Although homeostasis is a commonly accepted concept, there is incontrovertible evidence that biological processes and functions are variable, and that variability occurs in cycles. So allostatic model has emerged as the first challenge to homeostasis. Circadian variation is the predominant variation in the body. As there is strong scientific and clinical evidence that blood pressure fluctuations undergo circadian rhythm, there is equally strong evidence that targeted time therapy for hypertension provides a better outcome of the disease. The research has gone even further by ensuring better patients' adherence throughout the development and approval process for the use of pulsatile drug release systems which can be considered as an option for an even more convenient dosage regimen of the medicines needed.
  • 2.0K
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Parkia speciosa
Medicinal plants may act as an alternative resource or adjunctive treatment option in the treatment of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. Parkia speciosa (Fabaceae) is a plant found abundantly in the Southeast Asian region. Extracts of P. speciosa, particularly from its seeds and empty pods, show the presence of polyphenols. They also exhibit potent antioxidant, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive properties. Its hypoglycemic properties are reported to be associated with the presence of β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and stigmat-4-en-3-one.
  • 2.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Digital Face Manipulation Creation and Detection
Deepfake refers to the sophisticated manipulation of audiovisual content using deep learning techniques, particularly generative adversarial networks (GANs). It enables the creation of hyper-realistic fake videos or images by seamlessly superimposing one person's face or voice onto another's. These manipulated media raise significant concerns about misinformation, privacy invasion, and the potential to deceive audiences. Deepfakes have sparked discussions about the ethical implications of digital media manipulation and the challenges of distinguishing between genuine and fabricated content in the digital age. Efforts to counter deepfake technology involve developing advanced detection methods and raising awareness about the prevalence of manipulated media.
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Aquilaria Identification Methods and Phytochemicals
Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg is the resin-containing wood of the Aquilaria. Agarwood is a traditional Chinese medicine included in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.  The main phytochemicals of agarwood include terpenoids, dominated by sesquiterpenes. For centuries, terpenoids have been used in traditional Chinese medicine and have been shown to possess various pharmacological properties, including bacteriostatic, antibacterial, sedation, analgesia, anti-inflammation, anti-asthmatic, hypoglycemic, antidepressant, and many others. Alongside biological activity screening, phytochemical advances and pharmacological research have also made certain progress. 
  • 2.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Free Flaps in Burn Care
Microsurgical free flap reconstruction in acute burn care offers the option of reconstructing even challenging defects in a single stage procedure. Due to altered rheological and hemodynamic conditions in severely burned patients, it bears the risk of a higher complication rate compared to microsurgical reconstruction in other patients. To avoid failure, appropriate indications for free flap reconstruction should be reviewed thoroughly. Several aspects concerning timing of the procedure, individual flap choice, selection and preparation of the recipient vessels, and perioperative measures must be considered.
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Mechanical Properties of Animal Tendons
In medical and bioengineering research, animal tendons are commonly utilized as surrogates for human ones for mechanical testing. Due to the differences among human tendons of different anatomical districts, different animal species can be better suited for specific purposes. Indeed, the mechanical response of animal tendons to an external load is strictly related to its complex and highly organized hierarchical structure, which ranges from nano- to macroscale. In a broader sense, the mechanical properties of tendons during tensile tests are affected by several distinct factors, due in part to tendon nature (anatomical site, age, training, injury, etc.) but also depending on the experimental setup and settings. Thus, there are similarities between animal and human tendons that should be considered in the biomechanical evaluation. 
  • 2.0K
  • 12 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Food Security Interventions among Refugees
There are 26 million refugees globally, with as many as 80% facing food insecurity irrespective of location. Humanitarian agencies continually provide assistance and evaluate their interventions in areas of refugee crisis. Researchers should adopt a standard feasible food security assessment tool which is needed to assess the effectiveness of interventions across locations and countries to develop best practices based on comparative results.
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Requirements and Types of Face Masks
There are different types of face masks (e.g., 3-ply surgical masks, a wide range of fabric masks, single-use face masks, and face shields) and respirators available commercially to protect individuals from getting and/or spreading COVID-19. Face masks are designed to protect primarily from respiratory droplets and particles to some extent. In contrast, the respirators are designed with extended protection against respiratory droplets, particles, and the virus that cause COVID-19. Both face masks and respirators have certain requirements to ensure performance and efficacy at a reliable and consistent level. Mask standards, ratings. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), ASTM International, and International Organization for Standardization (formerly known as International Association for Testing Materials) are engaged in creating an open and transparent consensus standards development process for addressing the standards gap identified during the wake of COVID-19 pandemic. The development of standards aimed to define performance requirements for source control, the protective efficacy of face mask or barrier face coverings, and standardized products to inform user selection decisions. The primary purpose of these specifications is to enable source control to protect the mass public with performance requirements such as protection capability, comfort, reusability, and so on. There are a few basic requirements of face masks to be used effectively, including an excellent fit over the nose and mouth of the user to prevent leaking (use of fitter, base, or nose wire) and the use of multi-layer non-woven but breathable fabrics for preventing bright light.
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
5G Technology in Healthcare and Wearable Devices
Wearable devices with 5G technology are currently more ingrained in our daily lives, and they will now be a part of our bodies too. The requirement for personal health monitoring and preventive disease is increasing due to the predictable dramatic increase in the number of aging people. Technologies with 5G in wearables and healthcare can intensely reduce the cost of diagnosing and preventing diseases and saving patient lives. 
  • 2.0K
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Google Earth Engine and Artificial Intelligence
Remote sensing (RS) plays an important role gathering data in many critical domains (e.g., global climate change, risk assessment and vulnerability reduction of natural hazards, resilience of ecosystems, and urban planning). Retrieving, managing, and analyzing large amounts of RS imagery poses substantial challenges. Google Earth Engine (GEE) provides a scalable, cloud-based, geospatial retrieval and processing platform. GEE also provides access to the vast majority of freely available, public, multi-temporal RS data and offers free cloud-based computational power for geospatial data analysis. Artificial intelligence (AI) methods are a critical enabling technology to automating the interpretation of RS imagery, particularly on object-based domains, so the integration of AI methods into GEE represents a promising path towards operationalizing automated RS-based monitoring programs. 
  • 2.0K
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Microalloyed Niobium Steel
Thermomechanical processing of niobium microalloyed steel was performed with the purpose of determining the interaction between niobium precipitates and dislocations, as well as determining the influence of the temperature of final deformation on the degree of precipitation and dislocation density. Two variants of thermomechanical processing with di erent final rolling temperatures were carried out. Samples were studied using electrochemical isolation with an atomic absorption spectrometer, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray di raction analysis, and universal tensile testing with a thermographic camera. The results show that the increase in the density of dislocations before the onset of intense precipitation is insignificant because the recrystallization process takes place simultaneously. It increases with the onset of strain-induced precipitation. It is shown that niobium precipitates determine the density of dislocations. The appearance of Lüders bands was noticed as a consequence of the interaction between niobium precipitates and dislocations during the subsequent cold deformation. In both variants of the industrial process performed on the cold deformed strip, Lüders bands appeared.
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Oct 2020
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