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Topic Review
Mercury Toxicity and Detection
Mercury (Hg), this non-essential heavy metal released from both industrial and natural sources entered into living bodies, and cause grievous detrimental effects to the human health and ecosystem. 
  • 2.0K
  • 22 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Autism
AhR is a ligand-activated transcription factor that belongs to basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH)/Per-ARNT-Sim (PAS) family, which is involved in the regulation of cell differentiation, proliferation, and cancer imitation. AhR plays an important role in various physiological pathways, including host defense, immunity, stem cell maintenance, cell differentiation, and xenobiotic metabolism. It was initially believed that AhR is activated only by a group of environmental pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
GID/CTLH E3 Ligase Complexes
Multi-subunit E3 ligases facilitate ubiquitin transfer by coordinating various substrate receptor subunits with a single catalytic center. Small molecules inducing targeted protein degradation have exploited such complexes, proving successful as therapeutics against previously undruggable targets. The C-terminal to LisH (CTLH) complex, also called the glucose-induced degradation deficient (GID) complex, is a multi-subunit E3 ligase complex highly conserved from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to humans, with roles in fundamental pathways controlling homeostasis and development in several species.
  • 2.0K
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
PAX5 Expression and Regulation
PAX5, a member of the Paired Box (PAX) transcription factor family, is an essential factor for B-lineage identity during lymphoid differentiation. Mechanistically, PAX5 controls gene expression profiles, pivotal to cellular processes such as viability, proliferation, and differentiation. Given its crucial function in B-cell development, PAX5 aberrant expression also correlates with hallmark cancer processes leading to hematological and other types of cancer lesion.
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Informal Methods (Validation and Verification)
Informal methods of validation and verification are some of the more frequently used in modeling and simulation. They are called informal because they are more qualitative than quantitative. Whereas many methods of validation or verification rely on numerical results, informal methods tend to rely on the opinions of experts to draw a conclusion. While numerical results are not the primary focus, this does not mean that the numerical results are completely ignored. There are several reasons why an informal method might be chosen. In some cases, informal methods offer the convenience of quick testing to see if a model can be validated. In other instances, informal methods are the best available option. In all cases though it is important to note that informal does not mean it is any less of a true testing method. These methods should be performed with the same discipline and structure that one would expect in "formal" methods. When executed in such a way, solid conclusions can be made. In modeling and simulation, verification techniques are used to analyze the state of the model. Verification is completed by different methods with the focus of comparing different aspects of the executable model with the conceptual model. On the other hand, validation methods are the methods by which a model, either conceptual or executable is compared with the situation it is trying to model. Both are methods by which the model can be analyzed to help find defects in the modeling methods being used, or potential misrepresentations of the real-life situation.
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bricks and Clicks
Bricks and clicks (aka clicks and bricks; click and mortar; bricks, clicks and flips; Womble Store Method (WSM); or WAMBAM ('Web Application Meets Bricks and Mortar') is a jargon term for a business model by which a company integrates both offline (bricks) and online (clicks) presences, sometimes with the third extra flips (physical catalogs). Additionally, many will also offer telephone ordering and mobile phone apps, or at least provide telephone sales support. The advent of mobile web has made businesses operating bricks and clicks businesses especially popular, because it means customers can do tasks like shopping when they have spare time and do not have to be at a computer. Many of these users prefer to use mobile shopping sites. A popular example of the bricks and clicks model is when a chain of stores allows the customer to order products either online or physically in one of their stores, also allowing them to either pick-up their order directly at a local branch of the store or get it delivered to their home. There are many alternative combinations of this model. The success of the model in many sectors has lessened the credibility of some analysts who argued that the Internet would render traditional retailers obsolete through disintermediation.
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  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Caseins
The milk of mammals is a complex fluid mixture of various proteins, minerals, lipids, and other micronutrients that play a critical role in providing nutrition and immunity to newborns. Casein proteins together with calcium phosphate form large colloidal particles, called casein micelles. Caseins belong to a class of proteins that exhibit open and flexible conformations.
  • 2.0K
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Bovine Colostrum for Human Consumption
High quality colostrum is a valuable raw material in food products. The quality of colostrum is classified by low bacterial counts and adequate immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations. Bacterial contamination can contain a variety of high counts of spoilage bacteria or pathogens. The supply of good quality bovine colostrum is required. The microbial safety of bovine colostrum is increased using an appropriate processing, e.g. heat treatment, which does not destroy the high nutritional value of colostrum. The heat treatment is cost-effective compared to other methods and heat treatment can be performed in both small- and large-scale production.
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  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Blockchain-Based Authentication in Internet of Vehicles
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is capable of providing various intelligent services and supporting different applications for the drivers and passengers on roads. The IoV to be able to offer beneficial road services, huge amounts of data are generated and exchanged among the different communicated entities wirelessly via open channels, which could attract the adversaries and threaten the network with several possible types of security attacks. In this survey, the authentication part of security system is targeted while highlighting the efficiency of blockchains in the IoV environments.
  • 2.0K
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
The complexity of some diseases—as well as the inherent toxicity of certain drugs—has led to an increasing interest in the development and optimization of drug-delivery systems. Polymeric nanoparticles stand out as a key tool to improve drug bioavailability or specific delivery at the site of action. The versatility of polymers makes them potentially ideal for fulfilling the requirements of each particular drug-delivery system. In this review, a summary of the state-of-the-art panorama of polymeric nanoparticles as drug-delivery systems has been conducted, focusing mainly on those applications in which the corresponding disease involves an important morbidity, a considerable reduction in the life quality of patients—or even a high mortality. A revision of the use of polymeric nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery, for cancer diagnosis and treatment, as well as nutraceutical delivery, was carried out, and a short discussion about future prospects of these systems is included.
  • 2.0K
  • 27 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Silica Aerogel Incorporated Cementitious Composites
Silica aerogels are made of 95% air, the rest being silica crystal (SiO2). They have an open porous structure that is composed of particles with diameter less than 10 nm and pores smaller than 50 nm. Lightweight cement composites with silica aerogel in the form of granulate, thanks to their low thermal conductivity and good mechanical performance, may soon find wide application in the construction sector. An important aspect that guarantees this application is the proper design of the composite, proper selection of its components, improvement of the interfacial zone between the silica aerogel and the cement matrix, and ensuring the durability of the material in the long term.  
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  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Sustainability Performance Reporting
Sustainability is inherently complex, involving many stakeholders with different interests and expectations. Organisations across different sectors, including energy and bioeconomy, demonstrate their sustainability performance (SP) by evaluating the social, economic, and environmental effects of their business activities. Bioeconomy, like many other interventions, is increasingly important and relevant in achieving sustainable goals, necessitating the need for SP. On the one hand, SP shows organisations’ commitment to sustainability, demonstrating how they are meeting the expectations of their business stakeholders and shareholders. On the other hand, companies now realise the potential of sustainability in creating business value by expanding their market share and adding value to their customers, including shareholders and stakeholders.
  • 2.0K
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
ATi Radeon R100 Series
The Radeon R100 is the first generation of Radeon graphics chips from ATI Technologies. The line features 3D acceleration based upon Direct3D 7.0 and OpenGL 1.3, and all but the entry-level versions offloading host geometry calculations to a hardware transform and lighting (T&L) engine, a major improvement in features and performance compared to the preceding Rage design. The processors also include 2D GUI acceleration, video acceleration, and multiple display outputs. "R100" refers to the development codename of the initially released GPU of the generation. It is the basis for a variety of other succeeding products.
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  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Exercise-Induced Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Endurance Sports
Strenuous exercise can be associated with “Exercise Induced Gastrointestinal Syndrome” (Ex-GIS), a clinical condition characterized by a series of gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances that may impact the physical and psychological performance of athletes. The pathophysiology comprises multi-factorial interactions between the GI tract and the circulatory, immune, enteric, and central nervous systems. 
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  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
GNSS Denied Environments
The GNSS information is vulnerable to external interference and causes failure when unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are in a fully autonomous flight in complex environments such as high-rise parks and dense forests. This paper presents a pan-tilt based visual servoing (PBVS) method for obtaining world coordinate information. The system is equipped with an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), an air pressure sensor, a magnetometer, and a pan-tilt-zoom(PTZ) camera. In this paper, we explain the physical model and the application method of the PBVS system which can be briefly summarized as follows. We track the operation target with a UAV carrying a camera and output the information about the UAV's position and the angle between the PTZ and the anchor point. In this way, we can obtain the current absolute position information of the UAV with its absolute altitude collected by the height sensing unit and absolute geographic coordinate information and altitude information of the tracked target. We have set up an actual UAV experimental environment. In order to meet the calculation requirements, some sensor data will be sent to the cloud through the network.Through the field tests, it can be concluded that the systematic deviation of the overall solution is less than the error of ordinary GNSS sensor equipment, and it can provide navigation coordinate information for the UAV in complex environments. Compared with traditional visual navigation systems, our scheme has the advantage of obtaining absolute, continuous, accurate and efficient navigation information in a short distance (within 15m from the target). This system can be used in scenarios that require autonomous cruise, such as self-powered inspections of UAVs, patrols in parks, etc.
  • 2.0K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Chamomile
Matricaria chamomilla L. (MC) and Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. (CN) are two varieties of Chamomile. These herbs have been used for thousands of years in Greece, Rome and ancient Egypt. Chamomile has been used for the treatment of stomach problems, cramps, dermatitis, and minor infections.
  • 2.0K
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
BKCa Channels
Large Conductance Calcium and Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels (BKCa). Also known as Slowpoke, KCa1.1, and MaxiK channels. 
  • 2.0K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Sol–Gel Ceramics
The process of inorganic polymerization or the sol–gel method is an inexpensive, low-energy consuming, and stable process for obtaining high-purity ceramics, which offer versatility for the production of different kinds of devices, some of which can be used in surface-enhanced spectroscopy such as Surface Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy (SEIRAS) and Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS).
  • 2.0K
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Reductive and Oxidative UV Degradation of PFAS
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) consist of a group of environmentally persistent, toxic and bio-accumulative organic compounds of industrial origin that are widely present in water and wastewater. Despite restricted use due to current regulations on their use, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) remain the most commonly detected long-chain PFAS. 
  • 2.0K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Curcumin as an Antibacterial Agent
The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance and lack of effective drugs for treating infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria in animal and human medicine have forced us to find new antibacterial strategies. Natural products have served as powerful therapeutics against bacterial infection and are still an important source for the discovery of novel antibacterial drugs. Curcumin, an important constituent of turmeric, is considered safe for oral consumption to treat bacterial infections. Many studies showed that curcumin exhibited antibacterial activities against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The antibacterial action of curcumin involves the disruption of the bacterial membrane, inhibition of the production of bacterial virulence factors and biofilm formation, and the induction of oxidative stress. These characteristics also contribute to explain how curcumin acts a broad-spectrum antibacterial adjuvant, which was evidenced by the markedly additive or synergistical effects with various types of conventional antibiotics or non-antibiotic compounds.
  • 2.0K
  • 03 Mar 2022
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