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Topic Review
A Breakthrough Brought about by Targeting KRASG12C
KRAS is the most frequently mutated member of the RAS family, present in 96% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), 52% of colorectal, 32% of lung carcinomas, and to a lesser extent in a variety of other cancers, with alterations mostly occurring at codon G12, G13, and Q61.  
  • 561
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Impact of Hesitancy on Cancer Care and COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the optimal management of outpatient appointments, scheduled treatments, and hospitalizations for cancer patients because of hesitancy among patients and health-care providers. Travel restrictions and other factors likely affected medical, surgical, and radiation treatments during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cancer patients were more likely to be affected by severe illness and complications if they contracted COVID-19. A compromised immune system and comorbidities in cancer patients may have contributed to this increased risk. Hesitancy or reluctance to receive appropriate therapy or vaccination advice might have played a major role for cancer patients, resulting in health-care deficits. 
  • 561
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Self-Expandable Metal Stent
Self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) is commonly accepted in a palliative setting for symptomatic obstructive colorectal cancer.
  • 560
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
β-Catenin in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest human cancers. Activating mutations in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter (TERTp) and CTNNB1 gene encoding β-catenin are widespread in HCC (~50% and ~30%, respectively). TERTp mutations are predicted to increase TERT transcription and telomerase activity. 
  • 560
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Matrix Environment of ccRCC
The extracellular matrix (ECM) controls fundamental properties of tumors, including growth, blood vessel investment, and invasion. The ECM defines rigidity of tumor tissue and individual ECM proteins have distinct biological effects on tumor cells. The most frequent initiating genetic mutation in ccRCC (clear cell renal cell carcinoma) inactivates the VHL gene, which plays a direct role in organizing the ECM.
  • 560
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Cellular Prion Protein
Studies on the cellular prion protein (PrPC) have been actively conducted because misfolded PrPC is known to cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion disease. PrPC is a glycophosphatidylinositol‐anchored cell surface glycoprotein that has been reported to affect several cellular functions such as stress protection, cellular differentiation, mitochondrial homeostasis, circadian rhythm, myelin homeostasis, and immune modulation. Recently, it has also been reported that PrPC mediates tumor progression by enhancing the proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance of cancer cells. In addition, PrPC regulates cancer stem cell properties by interacting with cancer stem cell marker proteins. In this review, we summarize how PrPC promotes tumor progression in terms of proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and cancer stem cell properties. In addition, we discuss strategies to treat tumors by modulating the function and expression of PrPC via the regulation of HSPA1L/HIF‐1α expression and using an anti‐prion antibody.
  • 559
  • 10 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Blockade
The immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), and concretely the blockade of the PD1/PDL1 axis, has opened up a new standard of treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  • 559
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Genomic Alterations in ALL
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most successful paradigm of how risk-adapted therapy and detailed understanding of the genetic alterations driving leukemogenesis and therapeutic response may dramatically improve treatment outcomes, with cure rates now exceeding 90% in children. 
  • 559
  • 09 Sep 2021
Topic Review
STAT3 in Colorectal Cancer
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a critical transcription factor that has been firmly associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and development. STAT3 mediates key inflammatory mechanisms in colitis-associated cancer, becomes excessively activated in CRC, and enhances cancer cell proliferation, tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and migration. STAT3 hyperactivation in malignant cells, surrounding immune cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts, mediates inhibition of the innate and adaptive immunity of the tumor microenvironment, and, therefore, tumor evasion from the immune system. 
  • 559
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Immune Responses Following HCC LRTs
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Unlike other types of cancer, HCC can be treated with locoregional treatments (LRTs) such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). However, recurrences following LRTs are common, and strategies to improve long-term outcomes need to be developed. The exhaustion of anti-tumor immunity in HCC has been well established in many reports and the immunomodulatory effects of LRTs (enhancement of tumor antigen-specific T cell responses after RFA, reduction of effector regulatory T cells after TACE) have also been reported in several previous studies. However, a comprehensive review of previous studies and the possible roles of immunotherapy following LRTs in HCC are not known.
  • 559
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Microbes Living on the Skin
The human skin represents the largest human organ. It provides an effective barrier between the human organism and the environment. Superficial skin layers are inhabited by different sorts of microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, and fungi. This heterogeneous community of microorganisms are in mutualistic symbiosis. They play an essential role in the protection against invading pathogens and in the breakdown of natural products. Additionally, they contribute to a special form of innate and adaptive immunity, which links antimicrobial functions and tissue repair.
  • 559
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Microtubule-Targeting Compounds
The microtubule is the target for chemotherapeutics, such as the microtubule-destabilizing compounds and the microtubule-stabilizing compounds. Both kinds of chemotherapeutics have revolutionized cancer treatment.
  • 559
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Large Language Model-Enabled Medical Chatbots
The trajectory of artificial intelligence (AI) development spans decades, with machine learning (ML) emerging as a pivotal force in propelling AI’s evolution. The adoption of AI and ML in the medical field has experienced significant growth, particularly in ML-enabled medical devices. Chatbots, AI-driven conversational agents prevalent in online interactions, have found extensive utility in disseminating healthcare information and enhancing customer services. These features encompass accurate information retrieval, symptom assessment, and diagnosis support to help in understanding and addressing health concerns. 
  • 559
  • 27 Mar 2024
Topic Review
CNNs in lymph node metastasis
Deep learning models have potential to improve performance of automated computer-assisted diagnosis tools in digital histopathology and reduce subjectivity. The main objective of this study was to further improve diagnostic potential of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in detection of lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients by integrative augmentation of input images with multiple segmentation channels. For this retrospective study, we used the PatchCamelyon dataset, consisting of 327,680 histopathology images of lymph node sections from breast cancer. Images had labels for the presence or absence of metastatic tissue. In addition, we used four separate histopathology datasets with annotations for nucleus, mitosis, tubule, and epithelium to train four instances of U-net. Then our baseline model was trained with and without additional segmentation channels and their performances were compared. Integrated gradient was used to visualize model attribution. The model trained with concatenation/integration of original input plus four additional segmentation channels, which we refer to as ConcatNet, was superior (AUC 0.924) compared to baseline with or without augmentations (AUC 0.854; 0.884). Baseline model trained with one additional segmentation channel showed intermediate performance (AUC 0.870-0.895). ConcatNet had sensitivity of 82.0% and specificity of 87.8%, which was an improvement in performance over the baseline (sensitivity of 74.6%; specificity of 80.4%). Integrated gradients showed that models trained with additional segmentation channels had improved focus on particular areas of the image containing aberrant cells. Augmenting images with additional segmentation channels improved baseline model performance as well as its ability to focus on discrete areas of the image.
  • 558
  • 19 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Glucose Transporters and Breast Cancer
Reprogramming of cellular energy metabolism is widely accepted to be a cancer hallmark. The deviant energetic metabolism of cancer cells-known as the Warburg effect-consists in much higher rates of glucose uptake and glycolytic oxidation coupled with the production of lactic acid, even in the presence of oxygen. Consequently, cancer cells have higher glucose needs and thus display a higher sensitivity to glucose deprivation-induced death than normal cells. So, inhibitors of glucose uptake are potential therapeutic targets in cancer. Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and a leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Overexpression of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT), mainly GLUT1, in breast cancer cells is firmly established, and the consequences of GLUT inhibition and/or knockout are under investigation.
  • 558
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
The Metastatic Capacity of Melanoma
Metastasization is a multistep process in which cancer cells detach from the primary tumor (or other metastases) and spread to locoregional or distant lymph nodes, or to non-contiguous secondary sites. Here, if the tissue microenvironment allows them to survive, they generate a new tumor.
  • 558
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Cancer Stemness in Tumor Progression
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a population of cells present in malignant tumors that have much in common with normal stem or progenitor cells. The general characteristics of these cells include the ability to self-renew and differentiate into several clones, which leads to activation of tumor growth and heterogeneity. Mutations that occur in the stem cell pool can contribute to the oncogenesis process.
  • 558
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) account for 49% of all primary malignant central nervous system tumorsand stand for the most malignant part of the clinical spectrum. The current established therapy consists of a gross total resection when safely feasible, followed by adjuvant radio-, chemo-, or radiochemotherapy and application of tumor treating fields (TTF). Nevertheless, prognosis is still poor, and overall survival after completion of these therapies averages less than 2 years.
  • 558
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Lung Carcinogenesis and Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals in plant-based diets are thought to contribute substantially to lung cancer prevention and may be efficacious for targeting lung cancer stem cells.
  • 557
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Adaptive Immune Landscape of Colorectal Adenoma-Carcinoma Sequence
The tumor immune microenvironment exerts a pivotal influence in tumor initiation and progression.
  • 557
  • 08 Oct 2021
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