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Topic Review
Breast Cancer Management and Extracellular Vesicle Research
Extracellular vesicles are lipid bilayer-enclosed particles released from all types of cells and found in biological fluids, which transport variable content and have crucial functions in cell–cell communication. The role of extracellular vesicles in cancer is a current hot topic, and no bibliometric study has ever analyzed research production regarding their role in breast cancer and indicated the trends in the field. In this way, the study aimed to investigate the trends in breast cancer management involved with extracellular vesicle research.
  • 946
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
The Impact of Oncofusions in Cancer Research
Oncofusions, or cancer-associated fusion mutations, are driving forces in cancer development. Advanced sequencing technologies have revolutionized their identification, opening new avenues in cancer research. Oncofusions manipulate cellular signaling pathways and show promise as targets for therapy and diagnostic markers. 
  • 944
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Materials
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), as a critical component of the tumor stroma, are strong promoters of various tumor behaviors, including tumorigenesis, growth, invasion, and/or metastasis, because they produce abundant extracellular matrices (ECMs) and mediate the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and stemness of tumor cells.
  • 944
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Matrices and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
Solid cancer progression is dictated by neoplastic cell features and pro-tumoral crosstalks with their microenvironment. Stroma modifications, such as fibroblast activation into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, are now recognized as critical events for cancer progression and as potential therapeutic or diagnostic targets.
  • 943
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
STAT3 in Colorectal Cancer
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a critical transcription factor that has been firmly associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and development. STAT3 mediates key inflammatory mechanisms in colitis-associated cancer, becomes excessively activated in CRC, and enhances cancer cell proliferation, tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and migration. STAT3 hyperactivation in malignant cells, surrounding immune cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts, mediates inhibition of the innate and adaptive immunity of the tumor microenvironment, and, therefore, tumor evasion from the immune system. 
  • 943
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Myeloma–Bone Interaction
Multiple myeloma (MM) has a propensity to develop preferentially in bone and form bone-destructive lesions. MM cells enhance osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption through activation of the RANKL–NF-κB signaling pathway while suppressing bone formation by inhibiting osteoblastogenesis from bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) by factors elaborated in the bone marrow and bone in MM, including the soluble Wnt inhibitors DKK-1 and sclerostin, activin A, and TGF-β, resulting in systemic bone destruction with loss of bone. Osteocytes have been drawn attention as multifunctional regulators in bone metabolism. MM cells induce apoptosis in osteocytes to trigger the production of factors, including RANKL, sclerostin, and DKK-1, to further exacerbate bone destruction. Bone lesions developed in MM, in turn, provide microenvironments suited for MM cell growth/survival, including niches to foster MM cells and their precursors. 
  • 943
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Sirtuins in the Epigenetic Regulation of Stem Cells
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are stress-responsive proteins that regulate several post-translational modifications, partly by acetylation, deacetylation, and affecting DNA methylation. As a result, they significantly regulate several cellular processes. In essence, they prolong lifespan and control the occurrence of spontaneous tumor growth. Members of the SIRT family have the ability to govern embryonic, hematopoietic, and other adult stem cells in certain tissues and cell types in distinct ways. Likewise, they can have both pro-tumor and anti-tumor effects on cancer stem cells, contingent upon the specific tissue from which they originate.
  • 943
  • 19 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Genetic Therapy in Oncology
The impressive advances in the knowledge of biomarkers and molecular targets has enabled significant progress in drug therapy for crucial diseases such as cancer. Specific areas of pharmacology have contributed to these therapeutic outcomes—mainly targeted therapy, immunomodulatory therapy, and gene therapy. 
  • 942
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Multidrug Resistance Mechanisms and Nano-Treatments
The cellular mechanisms of drug resistance prevent the correct efficacy of the therapies used in various types of cancer and nanotechnology has been postulated as a possible alternative to avoid them. This entry focuses on describing the different mechanisms of drug resistance and dis-covering which nanotechnology-based therapies have been used in recent years to evade them in colon (CRC) and pancreatic cancer (PAC). Here we summarize the use of different types of nanotechnology (mainly nanoparticles) that have shown efficacy in vitro and in vivo in preclinical phases, allowing future in-depth research in CRC and PAC and its translation to future clinical trials.
  • 941
  • 02 May 2021
Topic Review
Evolution of Cancer Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy has changed the environment of cancer treatment by providing new and efficacious therapy options for many solid and hematologic malignancies. Although not a new field of oncology, immunotherapy has quickly developed into one of the most flourishing fields in medicine. In this review article, we explore key discoveries which helped to shape our current understanding of the immune system’s role in neoplasms. Many landmark developments include the advancements in checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, CAR-T cells and anti-cancer vaccines. We also explore the drawbacks and efficacy of various categories of immunotherapy. Ongoing investigations within immunotherapy, such as the gut microbiome, combining checkpoint inhibitors and gene sequencing, continue to personalize treatments for cancer patients, providing exciting and endless possibilities for the future. 
  • 941
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Estrogen Receptors in Non Small Cell Lung Cancer
This entry highlights that exogenous and endogenous sources of estrogens in the human body.  Estrogen associated receptors ERs, GPERs, EGFRs and orphan nuclear receptors ERRs. Role of estrogens and associated receptors in normal lung physiology and NSCLC complications. Potential of using anti-estrogen molecules, alone or in combination with ER/GPER/ EGFR/ERR inhibitors as NSCLC treatment regimen.
  • 941
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Breast carcinoma eukaryotic initiation factors
Breast cancer is the most frequent neoplasm in females. It is a heterogenous entity, classified into intrinsic subtypes based on gene expression data and in corresponding clinical subtypes based on the determination of hormone receptor expression and proliferative activity estimated from ki67 by immunohistochemistry. As for other tumors, the metabolism of breast tumors depends on aerobic glycolysis ("Warburg-effect") and the capability for effective biosynthesis of proteins. Quantity and quality of protein biosynthesis is mainly controlled in the initiation phase of translation, which is characterized by a complex interaction of eucaryotic initiation factors with the mRNA and ribosomal proteins to form a translationally active ribosome. Thus the eIF subunit composition varies from cancer to cancer and is a key factor for determining the cancer cell´s proteome. eIFs can therefore become a suitable anti-cancer drug target. We here summarize the current knowledge on eIF expression and prognostic impact in breast cancer.
  • 940
  • 11 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Repurposing Nelfinavir for Cancer Therapy
Nelfinavir is an anti-infective agent that has extensively been used to treat acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in adult and pediatric patients. In addition to its anti-infective properties, nelfinavir has demonstrated potent off-target anti-cancer effects, suggesting that it could be a suitable candidate for drug repurposing for cancer.
  • 940
  • 07 Dec 2020
Topic Review
PFKFB3 and PFKFB4 in Cancer
Glycolysis is a crucial metabolic process in rapidly proliferating cells such as cancer cells. Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) is a key rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis. Its efficiency is allosterically regulated by numerous substances occurring in the cytoplasm. However, the most potent regulator of PFK-1 is fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-BP), the level of which is strongly associated with 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase activity (PFK-2/FBPase-2, PFKFB). PFK-2/FBPase-2 is a bifunctional enzyme responsible for F-2,6-BP synthesis and degradation. Four isozymes of PFKFB (PFKFB1, PFKFB2, PFKFB3, and PFKFB4) have been identified. Alterations in the levels of all PFK-2/FBPase-2 isozymes have been reported in different diseases. 
  • 940
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Sialic Acids in Cancer
The aberrant sialylation of membrane glycocalyx plays a pivotal role in the regulation of malignant cell behavior and correlates with a worse prognosis and shorter overall survival for patients. The biological and physical properties of sialome determine the negative charge and high hydrophilicity of cell membranes and thereby regulate cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions. There is increasing evidence that sialic acids influence cellular susceptibility in therapeutic management.
  • 940
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Chemokines in the cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a heterogeneous tumor with poor prognosis, can arise at any level in the biliary tree. It may derive from epithelial cells in the biliary tracts and peribiliary glands and possibly from progenitor cells or even hepatocytes. Several risk factors are responsible for CCA onset, however an inflammatory milieu nearby the biliary tree represents the most common condition favoring CCA development. Chemokines play a key role in driving the immunological response upon liver injury and may sustain tumor initiation and development. Chemokine receptor-dependent pathways influence the interplay among various cellular components, resulting in remodeling of the hepatic microenvironment towards a pro-inflammatory, pro-fibrogenic, pro-angiogenic and pre-neoplastic setting. Moreover, once tumor develops, chemokine signaling may influence its progression.
  • 939
  • 24 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Polyphenols in Leukaemia
Leukaemia is a malignant disease of the blood. Current treatments for leukaemia are associated with serious side-effects. Here we discuss the potential therapeutic use of polyphenols in leukaemia. We outline the molecular mechanism of action of polyphenol in leukaemia cell lines, and discuss the pharmacological properties of polyphenols, including their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-tumour activities, and suggest that polyphenols are potent natural agents that can be useful therapeutically; and discuss why data on bioavailability, toxicity and metabolism is essential to evaluate their clinical use. 
  • 939
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Drug Resistance against ALK Inhibitors
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for the majority of lung cancer subtypes. Two to seven percent of NSCLC patients harbor gene rearrangements of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene or, alternatively, harbor chromosomal fusions of ALK with echinoderm microtu-bule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4). The availability of tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting ALK (ALK-TKIs) has significantly improved the progression-free and overall survival of NSCLC pa-tients carrying the respective genetic aberrations.
  • 938
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Silver Nanoparticles Green Chemistry Synthesis
Nanobiotechnology has grown rapidly and become an integral part of modern disease diagnosis and treatment. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are a class of eco-friendly, cost-effective and biocompatible agents that have attracted attention for their possible biomedical and bioengineering applications. Like many other inorganic and organic nanoparticles, such as AuNPs, iron oxide and quantum dots, AgNPs have also been widely studied as components of advanced anticancer agents in order to better manage cancer in the clinic. AgNPs are typically produced by the action of reducing reagents on silver ions. In addition to numerous laboratory-based methods for reduction of silver ions, living organisms and natural products can be effective and superior source for synthesis of AgNPs precursors. Currently, plants, bacteria and fungi can afford biogenic AgNPs precursors with diverse geometries and surface properties.
  • 937
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Circular RNAs (CircRNAs)
CircRNAs are a recently discovered class of ncRNA molecules. They are formed during the process of RNA transcript maturation. Structurally, circRNAs are covalently closed by a connection between a downstream donor and upstream acceptor RNA splice sites linked by a phosphodiester bond.
  • 937
  • 29 Nov 2023
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