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Topic Review
Genome Editing for Improving Tolerance of Crop Plants
Genome editing aims to revolutionise plant breeding and could assist in safeguarding the global food supply. Plant genomes can be effectively modified using genome-editing technologies to enhance characteristics without introducing foreign DNA into the genome. Next-generation plant breeding will soon be defined by these exact breeding methods.  This method also has great potential for enhancing crops’ resistance to various abiotic stressors.
  • 872
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Ponds and Pesticide Dissipation
Ponds in agricultural areas are ubiquitous water retention systems acting as reactive biogeochemical hotspots controlling pesticide dissipation and transfer at the catchment scale.
  • 871
  • 29 May 2021
Topic Review
Natural Polyphenols and Cancer
Natural compounds with anticancer properties are capable of killing transformed or cancerous cells without being toxic to healthy cells. Most fruits and vegetables consumed with food are made up of bioactive molecules belonging to the family of polyphenols, a group of natural compounds widely distributed in the plant kingdom; this group is varied, and to date, more than 8000 phenolic structures are known. Polyphenols are classified according to chemical structure, and their subdivision is represented in.
  • 869
  • 04 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Insects as Novel Ruminant Feed
In the last decade, there has been a growing interest in using edible insects as animal feed due to their high nutritive value and environmental advantages over the conventional livestock feeds. Insects have been used in the diets of some animals (poultry, fish, and swine) however, their evaluation in ruminants is still limited. The current in vitro study evaluated the usage of four different kinds of edible insects to partially substitute soybean meal as an example to the conventional high-quality expensive protein sources in ruminants’ diets. This study showed that the evaluated insects had high protein and fat contents. Substitution of 25% of soybean meal with the tested insects in a ruminant diet had no adverse effect on rumen fermentation profile or nutrient digestibility. Moreover, the inclusion of some species in the diet led to reduction of the methane production up to 16-18% which is an additional environmental benefit. The findings of this study are encouraging for further work in this promising area to improve the sustainability of livestock industry.  
  • 869
  • 27 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Ebola Virus GP Activates Endothelial Cells
Ebola GP triggers apoptosis through an additional pathway other than the ICAM-1 induction pathways. Finally, the cytoskeletal signaling pathways may serve as important targets for the development of therapeutic drugs against EBOV disease. 
  • 869
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
SiRNA and Pancreatic Cancer Therapy
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the leading causes of death and is the fourth most malignant tumor in men. The epigenetic and genetic alterations appear to be responsible for development of PC. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a powerful genetic tool that can bind to its target and reduces expression level of a specific gene. The various critical genes involved in PC progression can be effectively targeted using diverse siRNAs. 
  • 865
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Composition of Fungal Communities in Donkey Cecum-Colon Ecosystem
The donkey hindgut is a microbial-rich ecosystem in which caecum and colon fungi play an important role in dietary fiber degradation. In addition, the fibrolytic enzymes produced by hindgut microorganisms are key to the ability of equines to hydrolysis plant fiber. In the entry, the fibrolytic enzyme activities within donkey caecum and colon were firstly measured by spectrophotometry. The dorsal colon presented a higher fibrolytic enzyme activity in comparison with caecum. The fungal community composition along donkey caecum and colon was determined by sequencing an internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) using Illumina MiSeq. The predominant fungi at phylum level were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Neocallimastigomycota. The Aspergillus, Wallemia, Phanerochaete, Fusarium, and Penicillium were detected as the dominant genera, but their metabolic and functional significance in donkey cecum-colon ecosystem need further investigation. In terms of the anaerobic fungi Neocallimastigomycota, its abundance was greater in donkey colon than in caecum. The relative abundance of enzymes related to plant cell wall breakdown were also predicted by PICRUSt, and they were also greater in donkey colon than in caecum. The entry provided new information about fibrolytic enzyme profiles and fungal communities in donkey hindgut. The findings could therefore contribute to the further understanding of the fungal taxa and their dietary fiber degradation mechanisms in donkey hindgut ecosystem.
  • 865
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Modulation of Rice Leaf Angle
Leaf angle, the inclination between the leaf blade midrib and the stem, is one of the most important canopy parameters in plant architecture that influence light interception, photosynthetic efficiency, and planting density. Thus, ideal plant architecture with an erect leaf angle and optimum leaf orientation allows for more efficient light capture during photosynthesis and better wind circulation under dense planting conditions. Generally, rice leaf angle is determined by the elongation and/or division of lamina joint cells. Newly isolated rice genes (OsBCL1 and OsBCL2) are positive regulators in the elongation of lamina joint cells and their potential for regulating rice leaf angle has been examined in this research.
  • 864
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Environmental Contaminants-Related Fertility Threat in Male Fishes
Public concern regarding environmental contaminants (ECs)-related reproductive disorders has increased due to increasing global rates of infertility. All kinds of ECs are on rise rapidly in developing and industrializing low- and middle-income countries. The aquatic environments throughout the world are repositories for enormous amounts of ECs. As the biology of the reproductive system is highly conserved in vertebrates, wildlife or laboratory studies on fish provide significant information to establish a detailed risk assessment, and to identify novel or more sensitive endpoints for ECs-related reproductive disorders. The adverse effects of ECs on endocrine regulation of reproduction in male fishes have been extensively studied and reviewed; however, our knowledge on the effects and mechanisms of action of ECs on determinants of male fertility is limited.
  • 864
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Epigenetic Mechanisms of Senescence in Plants
Senescence is a major developmental transition in plants that requires a massive reprogramming of gene expression and includes various layers of regulations. Senescence is either an age-dependent or a stress-induced process, and is under the control of complex regulatory networks that interact with each other. It has been shown that besides genetic reprogramming, which is an important aspect of plant senescence, transcription factors and higher-level mechanisms, such as epigenetic and small RNA-mediated regulators, are also key factors of senescence-related genes. Epigenetic mechanisms are an important layer of this multilevel regulatory system that change the activity of transcription factors (TFs) and play an important role in modulating the expression of senescence-related gene. They include chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, histone modification, and the RNA-mediated control of transcription factors and genes. 
  • 864
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Unravelling Plant Cell Death in Host Plants
Pathogens within the oomycete genus Phytophthora are among some of the most destructive plant pathogens globally, causing disease and significant losses in important agricultural and forestry crops, damaging the environment, as well as impeding attempts to mitigate climate change. What is of increasing interest is the involvement of Phytophthora effectors in regulating programed cell death (PCD)—in particular, the hypersensitive response. 
  • 864
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Nano-Management of Farming under Salinity Stress
Soil salinity is a serious global problem that threatens a high percentage of the global soils. Salinity stress can create ionic, oxidative, and osmotic stress, along with hormonal imbalances, in stressful plants. Application of nanomaterials for ameliorating salinity stress has gained great attention due to their high efficiency, eco-friendliness, and non-toxicity, especially biological nanomaterials. The application of nanomaterials (NMs) did not only support growing stressful plants under salinity stress but also increased the yield of crops, provided an economically feasible nutrient management approach, and was environmentally robust for sustainable crop productivity. Nano-management of salinity may involve applying traditional nano-amendments, biological nanomaterials, nano-enabled nutrients, nano-organic amendments, derived smart nanostructures, and nano-tolerant plant cultivars.
  • 861
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Pesticides Risks in Africa
On the African continent, ongoing agriculture intensification is accompanied by the increasing use of pesticides, associated with environmental and public health concerns. Agriculture production systems are at the same time under pressure due to climate change, the need to produce about double the amount of food by 2050, and to achieve some of the sustainable development goals (SDGs).
  • 860
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Phosphorus Transport Through Soybean Xylem
Phosphorus is a major essential element in plants, and absorption and transport of P are related to plant growth and crop productivity. Phosphate (Pi) is absorbed in the roots and then transported to the shoot. Characteristics of Pi absorption, transport, and storage in various parts of the soybeans might be related to plant growth and P-use efficiency. In this research, young nodulated soybean plants were grown in hydroponics with various Pi concentrations. When the soybean plants were grown with 0-500 µM Pi for three days, the Pi absorption rate increased consistently in conjunction with the increase in the Pi concentration; however, the Pi concentrations in the xylem sap increased only from 0 to 50 µM Pi but were constant under higher P concentrations. The absorption rates of 33Pi in the roots were almost the same under light and dark conditions, and those in the decapitated roots were near those of the intact plants. These results indicate that the Pi absorption is not affected by evapotranspiration over a short period. Conversely, the 33P transport from the roots to the shoot was significantly lower under dark conditions than in light conditions. The multiplication value of the 33P concentration in the xylem sap and transpiration rate was almost equivalent to the transport rate of 33P in the intact shoots. The Pi concentration and Pi flux in xylem sap quickly responded to the Pi concentration in the culture solution. These values may be adaptable to estimate the transport rate of P for the diagnosis.
  • 859
  • 18 Sep 2024
Topic Review
Natural Sorbents in Fattening Pigs' Diet
The effect of three natural sorbents added to the diet of pigs on the composition and physicochemical properties of two skeletal muscles—the musculus Longissimus lumborum (MLL) and musculus semimembranosus (MSM) of crossbred pigs were evaluated. 
  • 855
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Sloths
Sloths are some of the most fascinating and unique creatures in the animal kingdom. Known for their incredibly slow movements, these tree-dwelling mammals spend most of their lives hanging upside down in the rainforests of Central and South America. But there's so much more to them than just their leisurely pace.
  • 852
  • 29 Apr 2025
Topic Review
Urine HPV Testing
Urine HPV detection has the potential to become a most promising tool that could expand the possibilities in changing genital and cervical cancer prevention strategies as well as in the surveillance and management of genital precancer.
  • 850
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Trichuriasis in Deer
Trichuris spp. are endoparasites found in a wide range of mammalian species. Some of these host species include humans, non-human primates, dogs, cats, pigs, wild ruminants and domesticated ruminants.
  • 848
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Meconium Microbiota
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pregnancy complication in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes develop chronic hyperglycemia during gestation. Microbial organisms within the gut—the “gut microbiome”—might contribute to metabolic diseases, including GDM.
  • 848
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Blue LED Induces Cold Tolerance in Tomato Fruit
LED lighting is increasingly applied to increase yield and quality of greenhouse produced crops, especially tomatoes. Tomatoes cannot be stored at cold temperatures due to chilling injury that manifests as quick quality deterioration during shelf life. 
  • 847
  • 29 Jan 2022
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