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Topic Review
Guiding Nutritious Food Choices
For the food system to become more sustainable and nutritious, the environment in which consumers’ choices are shaped and informed has an important influence on their diet. Health-positive policies and regulations can support investment and increased intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grains, as well as mandating these foods to form part of institutional feeding programmes such as national school nutrition programs. Efforts to regulate the marketing of commercial products and services can be highly controversial, but they have been shown to be effective in driving food choices.
  • 927
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Damaging Behaviours and Health in Laying Hens
Animals' behavior and their health are directly related. In intensive breeding systems, animals often develop damaging behaviors. The reasons for the occurrence are most often the consequences of farm breeding conditions in which the living needs of animals are not fully met. Harmful behaviors in laying hens have been studied for a long time, to find the best possible compromise between the breeding system and the living needs of poultry.
  • 926
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Big Data on the Farm
The demand for poultry meat and eggs is predicted to considerably increase in pace with human population growth. Although this expansion clearly represents a remarkable opportunity for the sector, it conceals a multitude of challenges. Pollution and land erosion, competition for limited resources between animal and human nutrition, animal welfare concerns, limitations on the use of growth promoters and antimicrobial agents, and increasing risks and effects of animal infectious diseases and zoonoses are several topics that have received attention from authorities and the public. The increase in poultry production must be achieved mainly through optimization and increased efficiency. The increasing ability to generate large amounts of data (“big data”) is pervasive in both modern society and the farming industry. Information accessibility—coupled with the availability of tools and computational power to store, share, integrate, and analyze data with automatic and flexible algorithms—offers an unprecedented opportunity to develop tools to maximize farm profitability, reduce socio-environmental impacts, and increase animal and human health and welfare. A detailed description of all topics and applications of big data analysis in poultry farming would be infeasible. The principles and benefits of advanced statistical techniques, such as machine learning and deep learning, and their use in developing effective and reliable classification and prediction models to benefit the farming system, are also discussed.
  • 925
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Seaweed Polysaccharides in Pigs
The polysaccharides contained in brown, red, and green seaweeds present different bioactive molecules such as fucoidan, laminarin, alginate, ulvan, and carrageenan.
  • 924
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Quinoa for the Brazilian Cerrado
Quinoa stands out as an excellent crop in the Cerrado region for cultivation in the off-season or irrigated winter season. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a pseudocereal rich in natural antioxidants, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, and these compounds may protect plants against biotic and abiotic stress. Water stress increases leaf temperature, and reduces crop height, stomatal conductance, plant biomass, and yield. Here, we tested the effects of different water regimes on the agronomic characteristics, physiology, and grain quality of different elite quinoa genotypes under field conditions.
  • 923
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Chinese College Students’ Attitudes towards Animal Welfare
College students, specifically from veterinary, animal, agricultural, and life sciences majors represent the future professionals who will closely work with animal industry stakeholders. Therefore, it is important to understand their attitudes towards animals and their knowledge about animal welfare. A survey on Chinese college students was conducted across different majors and Chinese geographical regions to understand their attitude towards the animal Sentient and the Five Freedoms models for pets, laboratory, farm, and wild animals. Most of the respondents exhibited a good attitude towards both the animal Sentient and the Five Freedoms models, with best scoring for pet animals followed by wild animals. Respondents showed less concerns towards farm and laboratory animals. A previous animal welfare education, the ownership of animals, and the participation in laboratory work involving animals positively influenced the attitude of the respondents towards animal welfare. 
  • 923
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Next Generation Crop-Yield Improvement
Artificial domestication and improvement of the majority of crops began approximately 10,000 years ago, in different parts of the world, to achieve high productivity, good quality, and widespread adaptability. It was initiated from a phenotype-based selection by local farmers and developed to current biotechnology-based breeding to feed over 7 billion people. For most cereal crops, yield relates to grain production, which could be enhanced by increasing grain number and weight. Grain number is typically determined during inflorescence development. Many mutants and genes for inflorescence development have already been characterized in cereal crops. Therefore, optimization of such genes could fine-tune yield-related traits, such as grain number. With the rapidly advancing genome-editing technologies and understanding of yield-related traits, knowledge-driven breeding by design is becoming a reality.
  • 922
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Galeus melastomus
We reviewed literature on the diet of the Galeus melastomus Rafinesque, 1810, from the Mediterranean Sea. Specific keywords (“Galeus melastomus diet”, “feeding habits”, “trophic position”, “biology”, “deep environment adaptation”) in the principal data sources, such as Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar were used. Seventeen studies conducted on the diet and trophic position of G. melastomus have been considered for Mediterranean Sea regions. The feeding habits have been analyzed in many areas of the western basin; instead, for the Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, and central Mediterranean Seas, information is outdated and fragmentary. In all investigated sub areas, the data showed that G. melastomus is an opportunistic demersal supra benthic predator, benthic feeder, and scavenger, that adapts its diet to the seasonal and geographical fluctuations of the prey availability. It occupies a generalist niche showing individual specialization. In all reviewed Mediterranean sub areas, the most important prey groups were crustaceans, cephalopods, and teleost fishes. Taxa percentage in its diet composition can vary depending on different habitats with ontogenetic development of individuals, depth (that is correlated with the ontogenetic development), seasonal availability, and distribution of different prey groups. 
  • 922
  • 28 May 2021
Topic Review
Soil Nitrogen
Freshwater nitrogen (N) pollution is a significant sustainability concern in agriculture. In the U.S. Midwest, large precipitation events during winter and spring are a major driver of N losses. Uncertainty about the fate of applied N early in the growing season can prompt farmers to make additional N applications, increasing the risk of environmental N losses. New tools are needed to provide real-time estimates of soil inorganic N status for corn (Zea mays L.) production, especially considering projected increases in precipitation and N losses due to climate change.
  • 921
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Regulators of Starch Biosynthesis in Cereal Crops
Starch is the main food source for human beings and livestock all over the world, and it is also the raw material for production of industrial alcohol and biofuel. Because of the complexity and flexibility of carbon allocation in the formation of endosperm starch, cereal crops require a broad range of enzymes and one matching network of regulators to control the providential functioning of these starch biosynthetic enzymes.
  • 921
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Circular PPP1R13B RNA
A novel circular PPP1R13B RNA promotes chicken skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation via targeting miR-9-5p and activating IGF/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
  • 920
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
TRP and Thermoregulation in Animals
Transient receptor potentialare cation channels made up of transmembrane proteins that function as transductors through changes in the membrane potential due to the intracellular concentrations of Ca2+. Q10 is the temperature coefficient of the rate of change when an organism increases its temperature by 10 °C.
  • 920
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Toxic Mechanism of Fumonisins
Fumonisins are widely found in animal feed, feed raw materials, and human food. This can not only cause economic losses in animal husbandry but can also have carcinogenicity or teratogenicity and can be left in animal meat, eggs, and milk which may enter the human body and pose a serious threat to human health. Fumonisins cause a variety of toxic effects to organisms including autophagy, apoptosis, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, tissue and organ toxicity, and carcinogenicity. They can not only cause disease alone but also have a combined toxic effect with other mycotoxins such as aflatoxins. The toxicity of fumonisins is a very complex process. Previous studies report that fumonisins exert their toxicity by modulating sphingolipid metabolism and inducing oxidative stress 
  • 920
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles from Animal Milk
Milk represents the main source of nutrition for newborn mammals and serves as the conveyor of maternal messages of a sophisticated signaling system to promote postnatal health. It contains bioactive components that are essential for the development of the newborn immune system such as oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, lysozyme, alpha-lactalbumin, and immunoglobulins. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) were identified to be pivotal in this mother-to-child exchange. EVs are micro- and nanosized structures enclosed in a phospholipidic double-layer membrane that are produced by all cell types. They are released in the extracellular environment and reach close and distant cells. EVs can induce the modulation of biological processes in receiving cells after their absorption through the release of the molecular cargo contained within vesicles. In this way, EVs can also serve through immunomodulant anti-inflammatory, angiogenetic, and pro-regenerative actions depending on the cell of origin and patho/physiological conditions. EVs can be recovered from all biological fluids including milk.
  • 919
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Foot and Mouth Disease Virus
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a devastating, highly contagious viral disease of all cloven-hoofed animals caused by the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) of the Picornaviridae family. The disease poses a severe threat globally, impeding the international trade of live animals and animal by-products. FMDV includes seven serotypes, namely, A, O, C, Southern African Territories (SAT)-1, SAT-2, SAT-3, and Asia1. Each serotype has antigenically distinct subtypes due to the high mutation rate.
  • 916
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
PIVKA-II, Canine Tissues, Anticoagulant Poisoning
PIVKA-II is an aberrant form of vitamin K that has been demonstrated to be increased in human coagulation disorders and in some neoplastic diseases. In veterinary medicine, PIVKA-II levels have been demonstrated to be useful for distinguishing anticoagulant poisoning from other coagulopathies. In forensic pathology, there is the need to distinguish malicious poisoning from other causes of death and, in some cases, identifying poisoned dogs from dogs that died as a result of other coagulative disorders can be challenging. This study evaluated the usefulness of the immunohistochemical expression of PIVKA-II in hepatic and renal tissues in order to identify patients with coagulative disorders due to clinical condition or the ingestion of anticoagulants substances. 
  • 915
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Fermented Corn–Soybean Meal Mixed Feed
Fermented corn-soybean meal mixed feed is a fermented product based on corn, soybean meal and wheat bran.
  • 915
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Potential of Microalgal Biostimulants for Sustainable Agricultural Practices
Plant biostimulants have long been considered an important source of plant growth stimulants in agronomy and agro-industries with both macroalgae (seaweeds) and microalgae (microalgae). There has been extensive exploration of macroalgae biostimulants.
  • 915
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Etiology and Pathogenesis of Glioblastoma Multiforme
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a type of brain tumor that is notorious for its aggressiveness and invasiveness, and the complete removal of GBM is still not possible, even with advanced diagnostic strategies and extensive therapeutic plans. Its dismal prognosis and short survival time after diagnosis make it a crucial public health issue.
  • 914
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Digital Irrigated Agriculture
Entry on a new approach to decision modelling for ICT adoption in irrigated agriculture.
  • 913
  • 16 Nov 2020
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