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Topic Review
Augmented Reality in Orthopedic Surgery
The development of augmented reality (AR) and its application in total joint arthroplasty aims at improving the accuracy and precision in implant components’ positioning, hopefully leading to increased outcomes and survivorship. 
  • 544
  • 14 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Benign Bone Tumors
Approximately 40% of the skeletal and musculoskeletal proliferative lesions do not determine metastasis and are related to a good survival rate. These groups of proliferative lesions are generally defined as benign bone tumors (BBTs).
  • 538
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Pathologic Fractures Based on Tumor Histology
The clinical course of patients with bone metastases is often impaired by bone complications, such as bone fractures, which have a substantial negative impact on clinical outcomes. The skeleton is a common site of metastatic disease in patients with advanced solid tumors, particularly breast, prostate, renal, thyroid and lung tumors. Medical advances over the last decades have been responsible for a progressive and remarkable increase in the survival of patients with cancer, and thus in the number of patients living with bone metastases (BM).
  • 537
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Osteochondral Regeneration
Osteochondral regeneration, due to the different cartilages and subchondral bone composition, together with biochemical, biomechanical, and biological properties, becomes a big challenge.
  • 533
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Articular Cartilage
Articular cartilage is a load-bearing connective tissue that has a low self-repair potential. There are high demands placed on articular hyaline cartilage in the organism, mainly mechanical flexibility, load-bearing capacity, and the ability to reduce friction. The function of the cartilage in joints is to ensure low friction and the ability to distribute the weight load acting in the joint. An articular cartilage defect can persist without healing, or if it extends into the blood-filled subchondrium, then it is replaced by cartilage tissue that does not have suitable strength properties.
  • 531
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Sex Differences in Bone Health and Healing
Skeletal tissue displays sex differences in morphology and physiological function, which can have an impact on bone healing [25]. For example, men tend to have stronger and larger bones compared to women, which can make them more resilient to injury and less prone to fractures. Moreover, in females, the risk of developing osteoporosis sharply increases after menopause, while the occurrence of osteoporosis in men progressively rises with age, and this represents a fundamental issue.
  • 527
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Immunomodulatory Actions of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs)
Cellular therapy offers regeneration which curbs osteoarthritis of the knee. Among cellular therapies, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are readily isolated from various sources as culture expanded and unexpanded cellular population which are used as therapeutic products. Though MSCs possess a unique immunological and regulatory profile through cross-talk between MSCs and immunoregulatory cells (T cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, B cells, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages), they provide an immunotolerant environment when transplanted to the site of action.
  • 523
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
S1PRs
As G protein coupled receptors, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs) have recently gained attention for their role in modulating inflammatory bone loss diseases.
  • 519
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Treatment of Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint Osteoarthritis
Thumb carpometacarpal joint (CMCJ) arthritis is the second most common location for degenerative osteoarthritis in the wrist and hand and several surgical treatments have been proposed so far, from arthrodesis to motion sparing procedures—such as trapeziectomy alone or in combination with interposition of autograft, allograft and ligamentoplasty.
  • 517
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Synovial Fluid
The levels of some biomarkers in serum are not increased in low-grade virulence infections, even though they are included in the ICM diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of PJI (Periprosthetic joint infection). 
  • 514
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Single-Cell and Spatial Omics Studies of Musculoskeletal Diseases
Musculoskeletal disorders, including fractures, scoliosis, heterotopic ossification, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, disc degeneration, and muscular injury, etc., can occur at any stage of human life. Understanding the occurrence and development mechanism of musculoskeletal disorders, as well as the changes in tissues and cells during therapy, might help us find targeted treatment methods. Single-cell techniques provide excellent tools for studying alterations at the cellular level of disorders. However, the application of these techniques in research on musculoskeletal disorders is still limited. 
  • 514
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Percutaneous-Reinforced Osteoplasty for Long Bone Metastases
Percutaneous-reinforced osteoplasty is currently being investigated as a possible therapeutic procedure for fracture stabilization in high-risk patients, primarily in patients with bone metastases or osteoporosis. For these patients, a percutaneous approach, if structurally sound, can provide a viable method for treating bone fractures without the physiologic stress of anesthesia and open surgery. However, the low strength of fixation is a common limitation that requires further refinement in scaffold design and selection of materials, and may potentially benefit from tissue-engineering-based regenerative approaches. Scaffolds that have tissue regenerative properties and low inflammatory response promote rapid healing at the fracture site and are ideal for percutaneous applications. On the other hand, preclinical mechanical tests of fracture-repaired specimens provide key information on restoration strength and long-term stability and enable further design optimization.
  • 512
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Preventive Techniques of Bone Tumor Surgical Site Infection
The management of malignant bone tumors requires multidisciplinary interventions including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical tumor resection and reconstruction. Surgical site infection (SSI) is a serious complication in the treatment of malignant bone tumors. Compared to other orthopedic surgeries, the surgical treatment of malignant bone tumors is associated with higher rates of SSIs. In patients with SSIs, additional surgeries, long-term administrations of antibiotics, extended hospital stays, and the postponement of scheduled adjuvant treatments are required. Therefore, SSI may adversely affect functional and oncological outcomes. To improve surgical outcomes in patients with malignant bone tumors, preoperative risk assessments for SSIs, new preventive techniques against SSIs, and the optimal use of prophylactic antibiotics are often required. Previous reports have demonstrated that age, tumor site (pelvis and tibia), extended operative time, implant use, body mass index, leukocytopenia, and reconstruction procedures are associated with an increased risk for SSIs. Furthermore, prophylactic techniques, such as silver and iodine coatings on implants, have been developed and proven to be efficacious and safe in clinical studies.
  • 511
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Treatment of Acetabular Peri-Prosthetic Fractures
Acetabular peri-prosthetic fractures are rare but their incidence is rising due to the increased prevalence of total hip arthroplasty, the increasing life expectancy and the growing functional demand of an ageing population, the incidence of primary total hip arthroplasty is increasing. They are either intra-operative or post-operative and have various aetiologies. Several factors such as implant stability, bone loss, remaining bone stock, fracture pattern, timing, age and co-morbidities of the patients must be considered for adequate treatment. To date, the literature on this subject has been sparse and no universally recognized treatment algorithm exists. Their rarity makes them a little-known entity and their surgical management represents a challenge for most orthopaedic surgeons. 
  • 508
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
B-Lymphocytes in Progression to Osteoporosis
B-lymphocytes—typically appreciated for their canonical role in adaptive, humoral immunity—have emerged as critical regulators of bone remodeling. B-lymphocytes communicate with osteoclasts and osteoblasts through various cytokines, including IL-7, RANK, and OPG. In inflammatory conditions, B-lymphocytes promote osteoclast activation and differentiation. However, B-lymphocytes also possess immunomodulatory properties, with regulatory B-lymphocytes (Bregs) secreting TGF-β1 to restrain pathogenic osteoclastogenesis. 
  • 501
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Imaging of Bone and Joint Infections
Imaging is needed for the diagnosis of bone and joint infections, determining the severity and extent of disease, planning biopsy, and monitoring the response to treatment.
  • 500
  • 28 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Prevalence/Predisposing Factors for Recurrence after Hallux Valgus Surgery
Recurrence is a frequent and undesirable outcome after hallux valgus (HV) surgery. It has a multifactorial etiology with a combination of factors including the anatomical predisposition of the patient, surgical factors, medical comorbidities and compliance with postsurgical instructions following surgery.
  • 499
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Forefoot Function after Hallux Valgus Surgery
The load integrals (impulse) over the central metatarsal region significantly increased, indicating that surgeries increased the risk of transfer metatarsalgia. There is no solid evidence that hallux valgus (HV) surgeries could improve forefoot functions from a biomechanical point perspective. Surgeries might reduce the plantar load over the hallux and adversely affect push-off function. 
  • 498
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
3D-Printing Techniques for Surgical Planning in Orthopedic Surgery
Orthopedic oncology has begun to use three-dimensional-printing technology, which is expected to improve the accuracy of osteotomies, ensure a safe margin, and facilitate precise surgery. However, several difficulties should be considered.
  • 497
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Laser Reconstruction of Spinal Discs
The intervertebral disc (IVD) consists of three main parts: the annulus fibrosus (AF), the nucleus pulposus (NP) and the dense hyaline endplate (EP), which is in the intimate system of the vertebral plate closure.
  • 495
  • 27 Jan 2022
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