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Topic Review
Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Cartilage Defects
Cartilage defects are a predisposing factor for osteoarthritis. Conventional therapies are mostly palliative and there is an interest in developing newer therapies that target the disease’s progression. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been suggested as a promising therapy to restore hyaline cartilage to cartilage defects, though the optimal cell source has remained under investigation. Establishing standardised methods for MSC extraction and delivery, and performing studies with long follow-up should enable future high-quality research to provide the evidence needed to bring AMSC-based therapies into the market.
  • 916
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Synovial Fluid
The levels of some biomarkers in serum are not increased in low-grade virulence infections, even though they are included in the ICM diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of PJI (Periprosthetic joint infection). 
  • 899
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
3D-Printing Techniques for Surgical Planning in Orthopedic Surgery
Orthopedic oncology has begun to use three-dimensional-printing technology, which is expected to improve the accuracy of osteotomies, ensure a safe margin, and facilitate precise surgery. However, several difficulties should be considered.
  • 898
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Fracture Healing Research
Fractures are one of the most frequently occurring traumatic events worldwide.
  • 896
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Pediatric Clavicle Fractures
Clavicle fractures are commonly seen in the pediatric and adolescent populations. In contrast, congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle is rare. Although both conditions may present with similar signs and symptoms, especially in the very young, clear differences exist. Clavicle fractures are often caused by trauma and are tender on palpation, while pseudarthrosis often presents with a painless protuberance on the clavicle, which becomes more prominent as the child grows. Its presence may only become apparent after trauma, as it is usually asymptomatic. 
  • 895
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Osteoarthritis
The prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative disorder of joints. Its key pathogenic hallmarks include articular cartilage destruction, synovium inflammation, and bone remodeling.
  • 881
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Pathologic Fractures Based on Tumor Histology
The clinical course of patients with bone metastases is often impaired by bone complications, such as bone fractures, which have a substantial negative impact on clinical outcomes. The skeleton is a common site of metastatic disease in patients with advanced solid tumors, particularly breast, prostate, renal, thyroid and lung tumors. Medical advances over the last decades have been responsible for a progressive and remarkable increase in the survival of patients with cancer, and thus in the number of patients living with bone metastases (BM).
  • 877
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Kinesio Taping for Athletes with Chronic Ankle Instability
Ankle injuries are the most common type of injury in healthy active individuals. If not treated properly, recurrent sprains can lead to a condition of chronic ankle instability (CAI). Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is the process caused by repetitive ankle sprains and multiple episodes of the ankle “giving way” with persistent symptoms. It mainly affects the sports population and is related to multiple inversion injuries.
  • 862
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Natural Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Osteoarthritis
Natural polymers include several polysaccharides of plant-based origin that are either positively or negatively charged. They may have linear or branched configurations with amine groups that can be protonated under acidic conditions. Their main advantages as drug delivery vehicles are the biodegradable and biocompatible properties, unique chemical variety and presence of adjustable active sites that confer improved physicochemical properties to different biological applications. As opposed to synthetic polymers, natural polymers can have bioactive effects (e.g., anti-inflammatory) in tissues like cartilage, thus holding an intrinsic therapeutical activity apart from the one provided by the encapsulated drugs. In addition, the inherent antioxidant and anticoagulation effects of polysaccharides ensure a low immunogenicity for in vivo applications. The main limitation in the use of natural polymers is the batch-to-batch variation, because they are derived from natural sources that have a less controlled composition.
  • 858
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Spinal Care
From enhancing imaging techniques to predicting patient outcomes, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are revolutionizing the way we approach spinal diseases. AI and ML have significantly improved spinal imaging by augmenting detection and classification capabilities, thereby boosting diagnostic accuracy. Predictive models have also been developed to guide treatment plans and foresee patient outcomes, driving a shift towards more personalized care. 
  • 857
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Mechanical Considerations in KOA and PTOA Pathogenesis
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) represents a prevalent and formidable challenge in the management and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders and exerts a substantial impact on global health, particularly in the context of the natural aging process. Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) emerges as a distinct clinical manifestation within the realm of osteoarthritis and is interwoven within the landscape of sports injuries and trauma of the joints. Within the realm of sports, athletes are frequently exposed to joint injury and acute mechanical loading that sets the biological stage for the development of PTOA.
  • 857
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Laser Reconstruction of Spinal Discs
The intervertebral disc (IVD) consists of three main parts: the annulus fibrosus (AF), the nucleus pulposus (NP) and the dense hyaline endplate (EP), which is in the intimate system of the vertebral plate closure.
  • 843
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Unicompartmental Knee Replacement in Obese-Patients
Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is a valid treatment for end-stage knee osteoarthritis (OA), affecting a single femoro-tibial compartment. The popularity of unicompartmental knee replacement (UKR) has increased as excellent functional outcomes and survival have been reported in long-term follow-up studies. UKA has important advantages compared to total knee arthroplasty (TKA), including lower intraoperative blood loss and risk of transfusionas well as accelerated recovery.
  • 840
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
S1PRs
As G protein coupled receptors, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs) have recently gained attention for their role in modulating inflammatory bone loss diseases.
  • 829
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Prevalence/Predisposing Factors for Recurrence after Hallux Valgus Surgery
Recurrence is a frequent and undesirable outcome after hallux valgus (HV) surgery. It has a multifactorial etiology with a combination of factors including the anatomical predisposition of the patient, surgical factors, medical comorbidities and compliance with postsurgical instructions following surgery.
  • 823
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Microglia Depletion in Spinal Cord Injury Treatment
Microglia, as the resident immune cells and first responder to neurological insults, play an extremely important role in the pathophysiological process of spinal cord injury. On the one hand, microglia respond rapidly and gather around the lesion in the early stage of injury to exert a protective role, but with the continuous stimulation of the injury, the excessive activated microglia secrete a large number of harmful substances, aggravate the injury of spinal cord tissue, and affect functional recovery. The effects of microglia depletion on the repair of spinal cord injury remain unclear, and there is no uniformly accepted paradigm for the removal methods and timing of microglia depletion, but different microglia depletion strategies greatly affect the outcomes after spinal cord injury.
  • 821
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Single-Cell and Spatial Omics Studies of Musculoskeletal Diseases
Musculoskeletal disorders, including fractures, scoliosis, heterotopic ossification, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, disc degeneration, and muscular injury, etc., can occur at any stage of human life. Understanding the occurrence and development mechanism of musculoskeletal disorders, as well as the changes in tissues and cells during therapy, might help us find targeted treatment methods. Single-cell techniques provide excellent tools for studying alterations at the cellular level of disorders. However, the application of these techniques in research on musculoskeletal disorders is still limited. 
  • 818
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Osteochondral Regeneration
Osteochondral regeneration, due to the different cartilages and subchondral bone composition, together with biochemical, biomechanical, and biological properties, becomes a big challenge.
  • 810
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Augmented Reality in Orthopedic Surgery
The development of augmented reality (AR) and its application in total joint arthroplasty aims at improving the accuracy and precision in implant components’ positioning, hopefully leading to increased outcomes and survivorship. 
  • 808
  • 14 Jun 2022
Topic Review
B-Lymphocytes in Progression to Osteoporosis
B-lymphocytes—typically appreciated for their canonical role in adaptive, humoral immunity—have emerged as critical regulators of bone remodeling. B-lymphocytes communicate with osteoclasts and osteoblasts through various cytokines, including IL-7, RANK, and OPG. In inflammatory conditions, B-lymphocytes promote osteoclast activation and differentiation. However, B-lymphocytes also possess immunomodulatory properties, with regulatory B-lymphocytes (Bregs) secreting TGF-β1 to restrain pathogenic osteoclastogenesis. 
  • 807
  • 07 Jul 2023
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