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Topic Review
Direct Methods (Electron Microscopy)
In crystallography, direct methods is a set of techniques used for structure determination using diffraction data and a priori information. It is a solution to the crystallographic phase problem, where phase information is lost during a diffraction measurement. Direct methods provides a method of estimating the phase information by establishing statistical relationships between the recorded amplitude information and phases of strong reflections.
  • 800
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Diffraction Formalism
Diffraction processes affecting waves are amenable to quantitative description and analysis. Such treatments are applied to a wave passing through one or more slits whose width is specified as a proportion of the wavelength. Numerical approximations may be used, including the Fresnel and Fraunhofer approximations.
  • 726
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Repair of HSGc-C5 Carcinoma Cell Using Geant4-DNA
To evaluate the repair performance of HSGc-C5 carcinoma cell against radiation-induced DNA damage, a Geant4-DNA application for radiobiological research was extended by using newly measured experimental data acquired.
  • 670
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Electron Elastic-Collisions with Multi-Electron Atoms and Fullerene Molecules
The Regge pole-calculated low-energy electron elastic total cross sections (TCSs) of complex heavy multi-electron systems are characterized generally by dramatically sharp resonances manifesting negative-ion formation. These TCSs yield directly the anionic binding energies (BEs), the shape resonances (SRs) and the Ramsauer–Townsend(R-T) minima. From the TCSs unambiguous and reliable ground, metastable and excited states negative-ion BEs of the formed anions during the collisions are extracted and compared with the measured and/or calculated electron affinities (EAs) of the atoms and fullerene molecules. The novelty and generality of the Regge pole approach is in the extraction of rigorous negative-ion BEs from the TCSs, without any assistance whatsoever from either experiment or any other theory. The EA provides a stringent test of theoretical calculations when their results are compared with those from reliable measurements. For ground states collisions, the Regge pole-calculated negative ion BEs correspond to the challenging to calculate theoretically EAs, yielding outstanding agreement with the standard measured EAs for Au, Pt and the highly radioactive At atoms as well as for the C60 and C70 fullerenes.
  • 665
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Biology Monte Carlo Method
Biology Monte Carlo methods (BioMOCA) have been developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to simulate ion transport in an electrolyte environment through ion channels or nano-pores embedded in membranes. It is a 3-D particle-based Monte Carlo simulator for analyzing and studying the ion transport problem in ion channel systems or similar nanopores in wet/biological environments. The system simulated consists of a protein forming an ion channel (or an artificial nanopores like a Carbon Nano Tube, CNT), with a membrane (i.e. lipid bilayer) that separates two ion baths on either side. BioMOCA is based on two methodologies, namely the Boltzmann transport Monte Carlo (BTMC) and particle-particle-particle-mesh (P3M). The first one uses Monte Carlo method to solve the Boltzmann equation, while the later splits the electrostatic forces into short-range and long-range components.
  • 582
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Troppy Effect
Troppy effect – a phenomenon of formation of irregular residual surface wave-like damages resulting from a non-stationary process of cyclic elastoplastic deformation in the zone of contact at rolling friction. It was openly and studied by professor L. A. Sosnovskiy with staff in the framework of Tribo-Fatigue.
  • 573
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of Photonics Equations
This article summarizes equations in the theory of photonics, including geometric optics, physical optics, radiometry, diffraction, and interferometry.
  • 533
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Micro-Raman Spectroscopy for Graphene Characterization
There has been growing interest in combining the unique properties of graphene-based materials with silver nanostructures, aiming for their utilization in the fields of plasmonics and metamaterials applications. Silver nanoparticles and nanostructures, with localized surface plasmonic resonance spanning from the visible to the near-infrared range, find utility in various applications, particularly in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Materials based on graphene, for instance, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO), have demonstrated their potential as SERS substrates by generating strong chemical enhancement.
  • 522
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Love as the Ontological Substrate
This paper introduces a speculative theoretical framework proposing that love is the fundamental, ontological substrate of all existence. We move beyond the conventional understanding of love as a mere neuro-chemical process or emotional state and redefine it as the primary axiom of reality—a fundamental field possessing intrinsic properties of attraction, coherence, and information conservation. Through a series of axiomatic postulates and theoretical equations, this paper models a universe wherein energy, matter, space, and time are emergent properties of this universal "Love Field" (L). By drawing analogies from general relativity and quantum field theory, we will explore how the dynamics of L could govern cosmic evolution, the formation of complex structures, and the emergence of consciousness. This framework offers a potential unification of physical laws with the persistent metaphysical inquiries into the nature of being, purpose, and interconnectedness.
  • 111
  • 02 Sep 2025
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