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HandWiki. Direct Methods (Electron Microscopy). Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32996 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
HandWiki. Direct Methods (Electron Microscopy). Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32996. Accessed September 23, 2026.
HandWiki. "Direct Methods (Electron Microscopy)" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32996 (accessed September 23, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 04). Direct Methods (Electron Microscopy). In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32996
HandWiki. "Direct Methods (Electron Microscopy)." Encyclopedia. Web. 04 November, 2022.
Direct Methods (Electron Microscopy)
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Engineering:Direct_methods_(electron_microscopy)

In crystallography, direct methods is a set of techniques used for structure determination using diffraction data and a priori information. It is a solution to the crystallographic phase problem, where phase information is lost during a diffraction measurement. Direct methods provides a method of estimating the phase information by establishing statistical relationships between the recorded amplitude information and phases of strong reflections.

crystallography direct methods crystallographic

References

  1. Sayre, D. (1 January 1952). "The squaring method: a new method for phase determination". Acta Crystallographica 5 (1): 60–65. doi:10.1107/S0365110X52000137.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X52000137
  2. Cochran, W. (1 January 1952). "A relation between the signs of structure factors". Acta Crystallographica 5 (1): 65–67. doi:10.1107/S0365110X52000149.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X52000149
  3. Zachariasen, W. H. (1 January 1952). "A new analytical method for solving complex crystal structures". Acta Crystallographica 5 (1): 68–73. doi:10.1107/S0365110X52000150.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X52000150
  4. Karle, J.; Hauptman, H. (1 August 1956). "A theory of phase determination for the four types of non-centrosymmetric space groups 1P222, 2P22, 3P12, 3P22". Acta Crystallographica 9 (8): 635–651. doi:10.1107/S0365110X56001741.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X56001741
  5. Cochran, W. (10 August 1955). "Relations between the phases of structure factors". Acta Crystallographica 8 (8): 473–478. doi:10.1107/S0365110X55001485.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X55001485
  6. Marks, L. D.; Sinkler, W. (16 September 2003). "Sufficient Conditions for Direct Methods with Swift Electrons". Microscopy and Microanalysis 9 (5): 399–410. doi:10.1017/S1431927603030332. PMID 19771696. Bibcode: 2003MiMic...9..399M.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS1431927603030332
  7. Blackman, M. (10 November 1939). "On the Intensities of Electron Diffraction Rings". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 173 (952): 68–82. doi:10.1098/rspa.1939.0129. Bibcode: 1939RSPSA.173...68B.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1939.0129
  8. Gerchberg, R. W.; Saxton, W. O. (29 November 1971). "A Practical Algorithm for the Determination of Phase from Image and Diffraction Plane Pictures". Optik 35 (2): 237–246. 
  9. Combettes, P. L. (1 January 1996). The Convex Feasibility Problem in Image Recovery. 95. Elsevier. 155–270. doi:10.1016/S1076-5670(08)70157-5. ISBN 9780120147373.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1076-5670%2808%2970157-5
  10. Marks, L. D.; Sinkler, W.; Landree, E. (1 July 1999). "A feasible set approach to the crystallographic phase problem". Acta Crystallographica Section A 55 (4): 601–612. doi:10.1107/S0108767398014408. PMID 10927270.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0108767398014408
  11. Marks, L. D.; Bengu, E.; Collazo-Davila, C.; Grozea, D.; Landree, E.; Leslie, C.; Sinkler, W. (October 1998). "Direct Methods for Surfaces". Surface Review and Letters 05 (5): 1087–1106. doi:10.1142/S0218625X98001444. Bibcode: 1998SRL.....5.1087M.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1142%2FS0218625X98001444
  12. Erdman, N.; Poeppelmeier, K. R.; Asta, M.; Warschkow, O.; Ellis, D. E.; Marks, L. D. (5 September 2002). "The structure and chemistry of the TiO2-rich surface of SrTiO3 (001)". Nature 419 (6902): 55–58. doi:10.1038/nature01010. PMID 12214229. Bibcode: 2002Natur.419...55E.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01010
  13. Kienzle, Danielle M.; Marks, Laurence D. (2012). "Surface transmission electron diffraction for SrTiO3 surfaces". CrystEngComm 14 (23): 7833. doi:10.1039/c2ce25204j.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1039%2Fc2ce25204j
  14. Yun, Y.; Zou, X.; Hovmöller, S.; Wan, W. (10 February 2015). "Three-dimensional electron diffraction as a complementary technique to powder X-ray diffraction for phase identification and structure solution of powders". IUCrJ 2 (2): 267–282. doi:10.1107/S2052252514028188. PMID 25866663.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4392419
  15. de la Cruz, M. J.; Hattne, J.; Shi, D.; Seidler, P.; Rodriguez, J.; Reyes, F. E.; Sawaya, M. R.; Cascio, D. et al. (13 February 2017). "Atomic-resolution structures from fragmented protein crystals with the cryoEM method MicroED". Nature Methods 14 (4): 399–402. doi:10.1038/nmeth.4178. PMID 28192420.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5376236
  16. Nannenga, Brent L.; Gonen, Tamir (2018-02-06). "MicroED: a versatile cryoEM method for structure determination". Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 2 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1042/etls20170082. ISSN 2397-8554. PMID 30167465.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6112783
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