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Topic Review
Dental Implant Surfaces
Bone healing process at the interface between bone and implant surface includes haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. The modifications of titanium dental implant surface that are globally marketed focus on early bone response to switch more quickly from inflammation to proliferation by roughening the surface at the micro-scale. Microstructural modifications change cell behavior around the modified surface, successfully enhancing osseointegration, but they have their own limits. For example, such a modified surface cannot avoid implant failure resulting from shear force because of the occlusal load on the bone-implant interface. This type of failure is able to be bypassed by providing the implant macrodesign with threads, which convert shear force into compressive force that the interface is more resistant to. Dental clinicians and researchers should consider both the implant macrostructure and microstructure to better understand clinical bone response to the dental implant, although this topic is based on the surface microstructural modification. 
  • 2.4K
  • 23 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Biorefinery of agroindustrial banana waste
Life cycle system of second-generation ethanol production from rachis of banana.
  • 2.4K
  • 27 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Graphene and Graphene-Related Materials
Graphene is the most outstanding material among the new nanostructured carbonaceous species discovered and produced. Graphene’s astonishing properties (i.e., electronic conductivity, mechanical robustness, large surface area) have led to a deep change in the material science field.
  • 2.4K
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Chitosan Films Barrier improvement
Chitosan is produced commercialy by deacetylation of chitin (a molecule derivative from glucose, and the second most plentiful natural polysaccharide found on our planet after cellulose) and chitosan films have been studied for food preservation, since they are biocompatible, biodegradable, and bioactive. However, their performance, in terms of water and gases barrier properties, needs to be improved.
  • 2.4K
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Biocomposites
Biocomposites are an emerging material class with the potential to reduce a product’s through-life environmental impact relative to wholly synthetic composites. As with most materials, there are challenges and opportunities with the adoption of biocomposites at the each stage of the life cycle.
  • 2.4K
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Bio-Based Monomers
Bioplastics are polymers made from sustainable bio-based feedstocks. The potential of producing bio-based monomers in microbes has been investigated for decades, their economic feasibility is still unsatisfactory compared with petroleum-derived methods.
  • 2.4K
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
All-Cellulose Composites
Wood- or plant-based cellulose fibres have shown their potential as a reinforcement in composites for a relatively long time alongside the commonly used glass-fibre and carbon-fibre reinforcements. Whereas regular biocomposites suffer from fibre-matrix adhesion-related challenges, all-cellulose composites (ACCs) can overcome this problem by both matrix and reinforcement having the same or a similar chemical structure, which results in good interfacial compatibility. ACCs can provide an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional petrochemical-based materials since they are a type of single-polymer composites (SPCs) from biomass-derived cellulose, and as such, they are easily recyclable, and they originate from renewable sources.
  • 2.3K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
ROS-Responsive Cell Harvesting Methods
Cell sheet engineering has evolved rapidly over the last few years and as a new approach for cell-based therapy. Cell sheet harvest technology is important for producing viable, transplantable cell sheets and applying them to tissue engineering. To date, various approaches have been reported for harvesting cell sheets by inducing property changes of the culture surface such as wettability, pH, electricity, and magnetism. This section provides a comprehensive introduction to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the progress of new strategies for applying ROS in cell sheet detachment.
  • 2.3K
  • 13 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Dendrimers
Today, dendrimers are the main nanoparticle applied to drug delivery systems. The physicochemical characteristics of dendrimers and their versatility structural modification make them attractive to applied as a platform to bioactive molecules transport. Nanoformulations based on dendrimers enhance low solubility drugs, arrival to the target tissue, drugs bioavailability, and controlled release. This review describes the latter approaches on the transport of bioactive molecules based on dendrimers. The review focus is on the last therapeutic strategies addressed by dendrimers conjugated with bioactive molecules. A brief review of the latest studies in therapies against cancer and cardiovascular diseases, as well as future projections in the area, are addressed.
  • 2.3K
  • 17 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Root Canal Filling Material
Endodontic treatment for a tooth with damaged dental pulp aims to both prevent and cure apical periodontitis. If the tooth is re-infected as a result of a poorly obturated root canal, periapical periodontitis may set-in due to invading bacteria.To both avoid any re-infection and improve the success rate of endodontic retreatment, a treated root canal should be three-dimensionally obturated with a biocompatible filling material. Recently, bioactive glass, one of bioceramics, is focused on the research area of biocompatible biomaterials for endodontics. Root canal sealers derived from bioactive glass-based have been developed and applied in clinical endodontic treatments. However, at present, there are few of evidence aboutthe patient outcomes, sealing mechanism, sealing ability, and removability of the sealers. Herein, we have developed a bioactive glass-based root canal sealer and provided evidence concerning its physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, sealing ability, and removability. We also review the classification of bioceramics and characteristics of bioactive glass. Additionally, we describe the application of bioactive glass to facilitate the development of a new root canal sealer. Furthermore, this review shows the potential application of bioactive glass-based cement as a root canal filling material in the absence of semisolid core material.
  • 2.3K
  • 31 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Enzyme-Mediated Wastewater Remediation
Several additional treatments that could potentially supplement existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to eliminate pollutants include a range of physicochemical and biological methods. The use of enzymes, specifically, oxidoreductases, are increasingly being studied for their ability to degrade different classes of organic compounds. These enzymes have been immobilized on different supports to promote their adoption as a cost-effective and recyclable remediation approach. Unfortunately, some of these techniques have shown a negative effect on the enzyme, including denaturation and loss of catalytic activity.
  • 2.3K
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Enzyme Immobilization with Fibrous Membranes
Fibrous membranes offer broad opportunities to deploy immobilized enzymes in new reactor and application designs, including multiphase continuous flow-through reactions. Enzyme immobilization is a technology strategy that simplifies the separation of otherwise soluble catalytic proteins from liquid reaction media and imparts stabilization and performance enhancement. Flexible immobilization matrices made from fibers have versatile physical attributes, such as high surface area, light weight, and controllable porosity, which give them membrane-like characteristics, while simultaneously providing good mechanical properties for creating functional filters, sensors, scaffolds, and other interface-active biocatalytic materials.
  • 2.2K
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Mechanism of Self-Healing Hydrogels
Polymeric hydrogels have drawn considerable attention as a biomedical material for their unique mechanical and chemical properties, which are very similar to natural tissues. Among the conventional hydrogel materials, self-healing hydrogels (SHH) are showing their promise in biomedical applications in tissue engineering, wound healing, and drug delivery. Additionally, their responses can be controlled via external stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, pressure, or radiation). Identifying a suitable combination of viscous and elastic materials, lipophilicity and biocompatibility are crucial challenges in the development of SHH. Furthermore, the trade-off relation between the healing performance and the mechanical toughness also limits their real-time applications. Additionally, short-term and long-term effects of many SHH in the in vivo model are yet to be reported.
  • 2.2K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
CMS Membranes for Olefin/Paraffin Separation
Carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes have been developed to replace or support energy-intensive cryogenic distillation for olefin/paraffin separation. Olefin and paraffin have similar molecular properties, but can be separated effectively by a CMS membrane with a rigid, slit-like pore structure. A variety of polymer precursors can give rise to different outcomes in terms of the structure and performance of CMS membranes.
  • 2.2K
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Liquid Crystal Elastomer
Liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) describes a class of materials that combine the elastic entropy behaviour associated with conventional elastomers with the stimuli responsive properties of anisotropic liquid crystals. LCEs consequently exhibit attributes of both elastomers and liquid crystals, but additionally have unique properties not found in either. Recent developments in LCE synthesis, as well as the understanding of the behaviour of liquid crystal elastomers—namely their mechanical, optical and responsive properties—is of significant relevance to biology and biomedicine. LCEs are abundant in nature, highlighting the potential use of LCEs in biomimetics. Their exceptional tensile properties and biocompatibility have led to research exploring their applications in artificial tissue, biological sensors and cell scaffolds by exploiting their actuation and shock absorption properties. There has also been significant recent interest in using LCEs as a model for morphogenesis.
  • 2.2K
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Maxillofacial Prosthodontics
A maxillofacial prosthesis, an alternative to surgery for the rehabilitation of patients with facial disabilities (congenital or acquired due to malignant disease or trauma), are meant to replace parts of the face or missing areas of bone and soft tissue and restore oral functions such as swallowing, speech and chewing, with the main goal being to improve the quality of life of the patients.
  • 2.2K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
3DP Medicines and Medical Devices
Novel additive manufacturing (AM) techniques and particularly 3D printing (3DP) have achieved a decade of success in pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. Highly innovative personalized therapeutical solutions may be designed and manufactured through a layer-by-layer approach starting from a digital model realized according to the needs of a specific patient or a patient group. The combination of patient-tailored drug dose, dosage, or diagnostic form (shape and size) and drug release adjustment has the potential to ensure the optimal patient therapy. This document provides an overview on different 3DP techniques to produce personalized medicines and medical devices, highlighting, for each method, the critical printing process parameters, the main starting materials, as well as advantages and limitations.
  • 2.2K
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
Microbial PolyHydroxyAlkanoate Biopolymers
PolyHydroxyAlkanoates (PHAs) fulfil every criterion set out in the definition of a natural polymer or a biopolymer. PHA biopolymers, a group of biopolyesters, are found in nature, and they are biosynthesized using renewable carbon in microbes. PHAs are biodegradable, because nature has the tools to convert them into CO2 and water and about 10% organic fertilizer or humus, the same as in the biodegradation of cellulose or cotton.
  • 2.2K
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Application of electrospun nanocomposites on removal of harmful substances
Nanomaterials and nanotechnology will undoubtedly become core materials and technologies in advanced materials and technologies. In recent years, nanomaterials and nanotechnology have been widely used in environmental restoration due to their low cost, high efficiency, and other advantages. In this study, the high-performance polyurethane/rare earth (PU/RE) composite nanomaterials were fabricated via electrospinning. The electrospun nanomaterials for adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air was thoroughly investigated. The PU nanofiber containing 50 wt. % RE powder had the smallest fiber diameter of 356 nm; it also showed the highest VOC absorption capacity compared with other composite membranes, having an absorption capacity about three times greater than pure PU nanofibers.
  • 2.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Plant Cellulose Nanofibre-Based Aerogels
Cellulose nanomaterials from plant fibre provide potential applications in biomedical. The biomedical application of nanocellulose isolated from plant fibre, which is a carbohydrate-based source, is very viable in the 21st century. The essential characteristics of plant fibre-based nanocellulose, which include its molecular, tensile and mechanicalproperties, as well as its biodegradability potential, have been widely explored for functional materials in the preparation of aerogel. Plant cellulose nano fibre (CNF)-based aerogels are novel functional materials that have attracted remarkable interest. In recent years, CNF aerogel has been extensively used in the biomedical field due to its biocompatibility, renewability and biodegradability. The effective surface area of CNFs influences broad applications in biological and medical studies such as sustainable antibiotic delivery for wound healing, the preparation of scaffolds for tissue cultures, the development of drug delivery systems, biosensing and an antimicrobial film for wound healing. Many researchers have a growing interest in using CNF-based aerogels in the mentioned applications. The application of cellulose-based materials is widely reported in the literature. However, only a few studies discuss the potential of cellulose nanofibre aerogel in detail. The potential applications of CNF aerogel include composites, organic–inorganic hybrids, gels, foams, aerogels/xerogels, coatings and nano-paper, bioactive and wound dressing materials and bioconversion.
  • 2.2K
  • 19 Aug 2020
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