Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 Various stimuli-induced methods have been developed to enable the detachment of cell sheets, but more research is needed to reach the level of direct cell transplantation, the most important step in tissue engineering. Therefore, one of the major challeng
Jong-Chul Park
 + 1779 word(s) 1779 2019-11-21 08:07:51 |
2 format correct
Catherine Yang
 Meta information modification 1779 2019-11-26 12:01:26 | |
3 corrected the format
Dean Liu
 -27 word(s) 1752 2021-10-13 07:54:21 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Park, J. ROS-Responsive Cell Harvesting Methods. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/148 (accessed on 26 November 2024).
Park J. ROS-Responsive Cell Harvesting Methods. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/148. Accessed November 26, 2024.
Park, Jong-Chul. "ROS-Responsive Cell Harvesting Methods" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/148 (accessed November 26, 2024).
Park, J. (2019, November 22). ROS-Responsive Cell Harvesting Methods. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/148
Park, Jong-Chul. "ROS-Responsive Cell Harvesting Methods." Encyclopedia. Web. 22 November, 2019.
ROS-Responsive Cell Harvesting Methods
Edit

Cell sheet engineering has evolved rapidly over the last few years and as a new approach for cell-based therapy. Cell sheet harvest technology is important for producing viable, transplantable cell sheets and applying them to tissue engineering. To date, various approaches have been reported for harvesting cell sheets by inducing property changes of the culture surface such as wettability, pH, electricity, and magnetism. This section provides a comprehensive introduction to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the progress of new strategies for applying ROS in cell sheet detachment.

reactive oxygen species cell detachment extracellular matrix focal adhesion kinase

1. Definition of ROS

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are natural byproducts of cellular oxidative metabolism and are involved in the regulation of cell survival, cell death, differentiation, cell signaling, and inflammation-related factor production [1][2]. Biologically important ROS elements include free radicals, such as singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide (O2•–), hydroxyl (HO•), hydroperoxyl (HO2•), carbonate (CO3•–), peroxyl (RO2•), alkoxyl (RO•), and carbon dioxide radicals (CO2•–), and nonradicals, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hypobromous acid (HOBr), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), ozone (O3), organic peroxides (ROOH), peroxynitrite (ONOO–), peroxynitrate (O2NOO–), peroxynitrous acid (ONOOH), peroxomonocarbonate (HOOCO2–), nitric oxide (NO), and hypochlorite (OCl–) [3][4][5]. Originally, only phagocytic cells were known to be responsible for ROS production in host cell defense mechanisms. Recent studies have shown that ROS play a role in cell signaling, including apoptosis, gene expression, and the activation of cell signaling cascades [6]. In particular, ROS acts differently in cells depending on the concentration. Low levels of ROS activate cell signaling pathways to initiate biological processes [7]. However, high levels of ROS cause cellular and DNA damage, and activation of cell death processes, such as apoptosis, depending on the severity and duration of exposure.

2. Source of ROS Generation

The main sources of intracellular ROS are mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), peroxisomes, microsomes, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) complexes in cell membranes [2][8][9]. In particular, mitochondria are the main intrinsic source of ROS production via the mitochondrial electron-transport system [10]. Extracellular sources also contribute to ROS generation, such as radiation, pollutants, nanoparticles (NPs), and various drugs, and certain types of other chemical compounds also play a role [11][12][13]. NPs of metals can induce the generation of the radical reactive superoxide by donating an electron to molecular oxygen; the superoxide then triggers a cascade of radical forming reactions [14], as shown in Figure 1.

Ijms 20 05656 g002

Figure 1. Mechanisms for the generation of intracellular and extracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species). Extracellular ROS are generated from environmental pollutants, drugs, xenobiotic substances, or radiation. Intracellular ROS are known to be generated through multiple mechanisms inside the cell (metabolic by‐products of biological systems).

Photodynamic action (PDA) is a method of inducing the generation of ROS. Integral to PDA are a photosensitizer (PS), a light-absorbing molecule, and a light source with a suitable wavelength. With light irradiation, the PS absorbs the light energy and transfers to an excited state. The excited PS then undergoes a photochemical reaction (PR) with a biological environment to generate ROS, which is called PDA [15]. There are two main types of PDA: type I reaction involves electron transfer PR to generate radical and radical anion species, while type II reaction directs PR through energy transfer between oxygen and excited PS, to produce singlet oxygen (Figure 2)[16][17][18][19].

Ijms 20 05656 g003

Figure 2. Schematic illustrations of the process of generating extracellular ROS from a photosensitizer under light irradiation. PS: photosensitizer.

3. Cell Harvesting Methods by Extracellular ROS

Studies have reported that ROS act as mediators of cell adhesion [20], and an increase in intracellular ROS levels can lead to cell detachment [21]. The Möhwald group[22] reported the use of light to release fibroblasts cultured on gold nanoparticle-based surfaces. Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) have strong light absorption in the green spectral range. Thus, the authors irradiated the surface with a green laser (532 nm) to produce extracellular ROS by a photochemical mechanism (Figure 3A). The ROS damaged cell membranes at the cell–surface interface, detaching the cells from the substrate. The cells did not immediately detach from the surface, but took up to 24 h to completely detach. One of the advantages of this system is that the surface can be recovered, allowing the cells to reattach in the irradiated areas within 72 h. This property is able to spatially pattern cells, and control the area where the green laser is irradiated to produce co-cultured cell sheets that can be reattached by seeding different cell types after the surface has recovered (Figure 3B). This method has been reported to be applicable to the individual detachment of cells from the culture surface, but has not shown the results of detaching the cells in sheet form.

Recently, Koo et al. [23] reported a new ROS-induced strategy for direct transfer of intact cell sheets to target sites without intermediate harvesting processes based on hematoporphyrin-incorporated polyketone (Hp-PK) film. After green light emitting diode (LED) (510 nm) irradiation for 5–10 min, exogenous ROS generated from the Hp-PK film induced cell sheet detachment and transfer simultaneously. Briefly, this process is carried out by placing a cell cultured film on the target site, irradiating light, and then peeling only the film (Figure 3C). They have successfully applied the detachment of various cell types in a simple way to control the irradiation power and time. In addition, this strategy was applied to the in vivo transplantation onto subcutaneous tissue. Cell sheets can adhere to tissues because of the presence of extracellular matrix (ECM). Therefore, They stacked the cell sheets in multiple layers and transplanted them by the ROS-induced method, and confirmed that the stacked cell sheets were well grafted at the transplant site without cell loss. In particular, multi-layered stem cell sheets accelerated wound healing in full-thickness skin defects [24]. The currently reported single cells or cell sheet detachment methods have inevitably resulted in cell damage since the cells have to be left at a low temperature or low pH environment for a long time [25][26][27]. In addition, the ligands and magnetic NPs, which are used for cell detachment, are released together with the cells. Thus, there is a limit in harvesting only an intact cell sheet. This system addresses these limitations and demonstrates the possibility of efficient cell transplantation into the lesion site for tissue regeneration and reconstruction, the ultimate goal of cell sheet engineering.

The advantage of the methods using extracellular ROS is the ease of spatio-temporal control of cell detachment. ROS have a short half-life (<40 ns) and can only act close to the site of generation (<20 nm), which is significantly less than cell dimensions [28][29]. Thus, on a molecular scale, ROS can only act chemically at a small distance from the site of their production. Due to this property, the Möhwald group's research [22] mentioned above shows that spatial control is possible by ensuring that the cells attached to the surface of AuNP undergo patterned detachment according to the ring-like profile of the laser beam. In addition, the PS-incorporated film used in Koo's study [23] suggested that the occurrence of unintentional cell detachment can be avoided by spatially controlling the generation of ROS and controlling the production time with or without light stimulation.

Ijms 20 05656 g004

Figure 3. (A) Schematics of cell detachment by laser irradiation on AuNP-based surfaces. (B) Phase contrast microscopic images showing cell detachment areas according to the laser power. The images were taken 24 h after irradiation (Reprinted with permission from [22]. Copyright (2019) American Chemical Society). (C) Schematic illustration of the ROS-induced cell sheet detachment and transfer procedure on Hp-PK films (Reprinted from [23] with permission on Elsevier and Copyright Clerance Center.)

4. Current Limitation for Clarifying the Mechanism by ROS

Because cell sheet detachment by extracellular ROS occurs gradually, some studies have reported that this change is due to cell signaling initiated by ROS [30][31]. The downstream effect of ROS production is the generally reversible oxidation of proteins [20][32]. Redox-sensitive proteins, which include protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) as the active site cysteine, are the target of specific oxidation by various oxidants [33]. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that plays an important role in signal transduction from integrin-enriched focal adhesion (FA) sites that mediate cellular contact with the extracellular matrix. Multiple protein–protein interaction sites of FAK mediate association with adapters and structural proteins [34][35]. Chiarugi et al. [20] provide evidence that ROS take a role in integrin signaling. In the role for oxidative species in integrin signaling, ROS generated during cell adhesion induce up-regulation of FAK. However, increasing of intracellular ROS up to a threshold level delays cell adhesion to ECM proteins, and results in a negative function of PTP on FA development and cytoskeleton organization. Koo et al. [36] previously reported that extracellular ROS increase the amount of intracellular ROS. H2O2 can diffuse through specific aquaporins (AQP) in the plasma membrane, and superoxide anion (O2–) can penetrate the cell membrane through anion channels (Cl– channel-3) to initiate intracellular signal transduction [36][37][38][39]. There are many ways in which extracellular ROS can be transported into cells, but the exact mechanism of ROS that affects cell detachment is unknown. In contrast, Koo's study using FTIR spectroscopy demonstrates that ROS-induced cell detachment is due to secondary structural changes in proteins adsorbed on the Hp-PK films [23]. Thus, they have supposed that these conformational changes are caused by extracellular ROS in ECM proteins present in the cell sheet. However, the type of ROS that affects cell detachment has not been identified.

ROS are difficult to distinguish and quantify from each element by specific assays. These other reactive molecules have properties of overlapping or distinguishing from each other. Some scientists have reported that various types of ROS can be distinguished by specific probes and categorized several probes for each ROS (Table 1) [40][41][42][43]. There are various ROS probes that can be analyzed by flow cytometry or microscopy [44][45]. However, most of these are not specific to a particular ROS species, are unstable, and can be affected by other factors distinct from the oxidants. Therefore, when using these probes, it is necessary to carefully interpret the data derived by comparing the various methods.

Table 1. Methods for the detection of ROS. (Reproduced from [43] by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry).

Probe

Specificity

Advantages

Disadvantages

Fluorescent probes

O2•―, H2O2

Cell permeable, intensity

quantifiable, product stable

Products complex, low specificity, interfered by ONOO―

Chemiluminescent probes

O2•―, ·OH

Cell permeable

Low selectivity and sensitivity, intermediates not stable

Spectrophotometry methods

O2•―, H2O2

Sensitive, fast, single product

Low specificity

Chromatography methods

·OH

Fast, sensitive

Products complex

Electrochemical biosensors

O2•―

Sensitive, fast

Complex to prepare

Electron spin resonance

ROS, RNS

Specific, sensitive

Expensive

Fluorescent proteins

H2O2, redox status changes

Dynamic, real-time, cell friendly

Slow in reaction, restriction in receptor cells,

non-sensitive

 

References

  1. Rhian M Touyz; Molecular and cellular mechanisms in vascular injury in hypertension: role of angiotensin II – editorial review. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 2005, 14, 125-131, 10.1097/00041552-200503000-00007.
  2. Cornelius F.H. Mueller; Karine Laude; J. Scott McNally; David G. Harrison; Redox Mechanisms in Blood Vessels. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2005, 25, 274-278, 10.1161/01.atv.0000149143.04821.eb.
  3. Ahmed Abdal Dayem; Mohammed Kawser Hossain; Soo Lee; Kyeongseok Kim; Subbroto Kumar Saha; Gwang-Mo Yang; Hye Yeon Choi; Ssang-Goo Cho; Soo Bin Lee; The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the Biological Activities of Metallic Nanoparticles. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2017, 18, 120, 10.3390/ijms18010120.
  4. Augusto, O.; Miyamoto, S.; Pantopoulos, K.; Schipper, H.. Principles of Free Radical Biomedicine; Nova Science Publishers: Brazil, 2011; pp. 19-42.
  5. Haohao Wu; Jun-Jie Yin; Wayne G. Wamer; Mingyong Zeng; Y. Martin Lo; Reactive oxygen species-related activities of nano-iron metal and nano-iron oxides. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 2014, 22, 86-94, 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.007.
  6. J. T. Hancock; R. Desikan; S.J. Neill; Role of reactive oxygen species in cell signalling pathways. Biochemical Society Transactions 2001, 29, 345-349, 10.1042/bst0290345.
  7. Michael Schieber; Navdeep S. Chandel; ROS function in redox signaling and oxidative stress.. Current Biology 2014, 24, R453-62, 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.034.
  8. Dunyaporn Trachootham; Jérôme Alexandre; Peng Huang; Targeting cancer cells by ROS-mediated mechanisms: a radical therapeutic approach?. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2009, 8, 579-591, 10.1038/nrd2803.
  9. Victor J. Thannickal; Barry L. Fanburg; Reactive oxygen species in cell signaling.. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 2000, 279, L1005-L1028, 10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.6.l1005.
  10. Toren Finkel; Signal Transduction by Mitochondrial Oxidants. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2012, 287, 4434-4440, 10.1074/jbc.R111.271999.
  11. V Vallyathan; X Shi; The role of oxygen free radicals in occupational and environmental lung diseases. Environmental Health Perspectives 1997, 105, 165-177, 10.1289/ehp.97105s1165.
  12. James C. Bonner; Lung Fibrotic Responses to Particle Exposure. Toxicologic Pathology 2007, 35, 148-153, 10.1080/01926230601060009.
  13. Lotte Risom; Peter Møller; Steffen Loft; Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage by particulate air pollution. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 2005, 592, 119-137, 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.06.012.
  14. Lucía Z. Flores-López; Heriberto Espinoza-Gómez; Ratnasamy Somanathan; Silver nanoparticles: Electron transfer, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, beneficial and toxicological effects. Mini review. Journal of Applied Toxicology 2019, 39, 16-26, 10.1002/jat.3654.
  15. Maharajan Sivasubramanian; Yao Chen Chuang; Leu-Wei Lo; Evolution of Nanoparticle-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy: From Superficial to Deep-Seated Cancers. Molecules 2019, 24, 520, 10.3390/molecules24030520.
  16. Martijn Triesscheijn; Paul Baas; Jan H. M. Schellens; Fiona A. Stewart; Photodynamic Therapy in Oncology. The Oncologist 2006, 11, 1034-1044, 10.1634/theoncologist.11-9-1034.
  17. Suneesh C. Karunakaran; P. S. Saneesh Babu; Bollapalli Madhuri; Betsy Marydasan; Albish K. Paul; Asha S. Nair; K. Sridhar Rao; Alagar Srinivasan; Tavarekere K. Chandrashekar; Ch. Mohan Rao; et al.Radhakrishna PillaiDanaboyina Ramaiah In Vitro Demonstration of Apoptosis Mediated Photodynamic Activity and NIR Nucleus Imaging through a Novel Porphyrin. ACS Chemical Biology 2013, 8, 127-132, 10.1021/cb3004622.
  18. Kai Liu; Xiaomin Liu; Qinghui Zeng; YouLin Zhang; Langping Tu; Tao Liu; Xianggui Kong; Yinghui Wang; Feng Cao; Saskia A. G. Lambrechts; et al.Maurice C. G. AaldersHong Zhang Covalently Assembled NIR Nanoplatform for Simultaneous Fluorescence Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer Cells. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 4054-4062, 10.1021/nn300436b.
  19. Ana P. Castano; Tatiana N. Demidova; Michael R. Hamblin; Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part two-cellular signaling, cell metabolism and modes of cell death.. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 2005, 2, 1-23, 10.1016/S1572-1000(05)00030-X.
  20. Paola Chiarugi; Giovambattista Pani; Elisa Giannoni; Letizia Taddei; Renata Colavitti; Giovanni Raugei; Mark Symons; Silvia Borrello; Tommaso Galeotti; Giampietro Ramponi; et al. Reactive oxygen species as essential mediators of cell adhesion. The Journal of Cell Biology 2003, 161, 933-944, 10.1083/jcb.200211118.
  21. Heesang Song; Min-Ji Cha; Byeong-Wook Song; Il-Kwon Kim; Woochul Chang; Soyeon Lim; Eun Ju Choi; Onju Ham; Se-Yeon Lee; Namsik Chung; et al.Yangsoo JangKi-Chul Hwang Reactive Oxygen Species Inhibit Adhesion of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Implanted into Ischemic Myocardium via Interference of Focal Adhesion Complex. STEM CELLS 2010, 28, 555-563, 10.1002/stem.302.
  22. Tatiana A. Kolesnikova; Dorothee Köhler; Andre G. Skirtach; Helmuth Möhwald; Laser-Induced Cell Detachment, Patterning, and Regrowth on Gold Nanoparticle Functionalized Surfaces. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 9585-9595, 10.1021/nn302891u.
  23. Min-Ah Koo; Mi Hee Lee; Byeong-Ju Kwon; Gyeung Mi Seon; Min Sung Kim; Dohyun Kim; Ki Chang Nam; Jong-Chul Park; Exogenous ROS-induced cell sheet transfer based on hematoporphyrin-polyketone film via a one-step process. Biomaterials 2018, 161, 47-56, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.01.030.
  24. Min-Ah Koo; Seung Hee Hong; Mi Hee Lee; Byeong-Ju Kwon; Gyeung Mi Seon; Min Sung Kim; Dohyun Kim; Ki Chang Nam; Jong-Chul Park; Effective stacking and transplantation of stem cell sheets using exogenous ROS-producing film for accelerated wound healing. Acta Biomaterialia 2019, 95, 418-426, 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.019.
  25. Anice C. Lowen; John Steel; Roles of Humidity and Temperature in Shaping Influenza Seasonality. Journal of Virology 2014, 88, 7692-7695, 10.1128/JVI.03544-13.
  26. Minxiong Li; Jun Ma; Yanbin Gao; Lei Yang; Cell sheet technology: a promising strategy in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy 2019, 21, 3-16, 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.10.013.
  27. Hai Xiao; Tsai-Kun Li; Jin-Ming Yang; Leroy F. Liu; Acidic pH induces topoisomerase II-mediated DNA damage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2003, 100, 5205-5210, 10.1073/pnas.0935978100.
  28. Kai Han; Qi Lei; Shi-Bo Wang; Jing-Jing Hu; Wen-Xiu Qiu; Jing-Yi Zhu; Wei-Na Yin; Xu Luo; Xian-Zheng Zhang; Dual-Stage-Light-Guided Tumor Inhibition by Mitochondria-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy. Advanced Functional Materials 2015, 25, 2961-2971, 10.1002/adfm.201500590.
  29. C.A. Robertson; D. Hawkins Evans; Heidi Abrahamse; Photodynamic therapy (PDT): A short review on cellular mechanisms and cancer research applications for PDT. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2009, 96, 1-8, 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.04.001.
  30. Andre E.X. Brown; Dennis E. Discher; Conformational changes and signaling in cell and matrix physics.. Current Biology 2009, 19, R781-9, 10.1016/j.cub.2009.06.054.
  31. Alexis J Torres; Min Wu; David Holowka; Barbara Baird; Nanobiotechnology and cell biology: micro- and nanofabricated surfaces to investigate receptor-mediated signaling.. Annual Review of Biophysics 2008, 37, 265-288, 10.1146/annurev.biophys.36.040306.132651.
  32. Toren Finkel; Reactive Oxygen Species and Signal Transduction. IUBMB Life 2001, 52, 3-6, 10.1080/15216540252774694.
  33. Dong Xu; Ilsa I Rovira; Toren Finkel; Oxidants painting the cysteine chapel: redox regulation of PTPs.. Developmental Cell 2002, 2, 251-252, 10.1016/s1534-5807(02)00132-6 .
  34. Cord Brakebusch; Daniel Bouvard; Fabio Stanchi; Takao Sakai; Reinhard Fässler; Integrins in invasive growth. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2002, 109, 999-1006, 10.1172/JCI15468.
  35. Christof R. Hauck; Datsun A. Hsia; David D. Schlaepfer; The Focal Adhesion Kinase--A Regulator of Cell Migration and Invasion. IUBMB Life 2002, 53, 115-119, 10.1080/15216540211470.
  36. Min-Ah Koo; Bong-Jin Kim; Mi Hee Lee; Byeong-Ju Kwon; Min Sung Kim; Gyeung Mi Seon; Dohyun Kim; Ki Chang Nam; Kang-Kyun Wang; Yong-Rok Kim; et al.Jong-Chul Park Controlled Delivery of Extracellular ROS Based on Hematoporphyrin-Incorporated Polyurethane Film for Enhanced Proliferation of Endothelial Cells. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2016, 8, 28448-28457, 10.1021/acsami.6b07628.
  37. Aron B. Fisher; Redox Signaling Across Cell Membranes. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 2009, 11, 1349-1356, 10.1089/ars.2008.2378.
  38. Bryan C Dickinson; Christopher J Chang; Chemistry and biology of reactive oxygen species in signaling or stress responses.. Nature Chemical Biology 2011, 7, 504-11, 10.1038/nchembio.607.
  39. Helmut Sies; Role of Metabolic H2O2Generation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2014, 289, 8735-8741, 10.1074/jbc.r113.544635.
  40. Christine C. Winterbourn; The challenges of using fluorescent probes to detect and quantify specific reactive oxygen species in living cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 2014, 1840, 730-738, 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.05.004.
  41. J.F. Woolley; J. Stanicka; T.G. Cotter; Recent advances in reactive oxygen species measurement in biological systems. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 2013, 38, 556-565, 10.1016/j.tibs.2013.08.009.
  42. Jacek Zielonka; Joy Joseph; Adam Sikora; Balaraman Kalyanaraman; Real-Time Monitoring of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in a Multiwell Plate Using the Diagnostic Marker Products of Specific Probes. Methods in Enzymology 2013, 526, 145-157, 10.1016/b978-0-12-405883-5.00009-0.
  43. Yinfeng Zhang; Menghong Dai; Zonghui Yuan; Methods for the detection of reactive oxygen species. Analytical Methods 2018, 10, 4625-4638, 10.1039/c8ay01339j.
  44. Christine Winterbourn; Current methods to study reactive oxygen species — Pros and cons. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 2014, 1840, 707, 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.09.021.
  45. Michael P. Murphy; Arne Holmgren; Nils-Göran Larsson; Barry Halliwell; Christopher J. Chang; Balaraman Kalyanaraman; Sue Goo Rhee; Paul J. Thornalley; Linda Partridge; David Gems; et al.Thomas NyströmVsevolod BelousovPaul T. SchumackerChristine C. Winterbourn Unraveling the biological roles of reactive oxygen species.. Cell Metabolism 2011, 13, 361-366, 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.03.010.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Materials Science, Biomaterials
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Jong-Chul Park
View Times: 1.7K
Revisions: 3 times (View History)
Update Date: 13 Oct 2021
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    ScholarVision Creations
    Feedback