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Topic Review
Fault Detection Approaches for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Battery fires have become more common owing to the increased use of lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, monitoring technology is required to detect battery anomalies because battery fires cause significant damage to systems. Researchers used Mahalanobis distance (MD) and independent component analysis (ICA) to detect early battery faults in a real-world energy storage system (ESS). The fault types included historical data of battery overvoltage and humidity anomaly alarms generated by the system management program. These are typical preliminary symptoms of thermal runaway, the leading cause of lithium-ion battery fires. The alarms were generated by the system management program based on thresholds. If a fire occurs in an ESS, the humidity inside the ESS will increase very quickly, which means that threshold-based alarm generation methods can be risky. In addition, industrial datasets contain many outliers for various reasons, including measurement and communication errors in sensors. These outliers can lead to biased training results for models. 
  • 631
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Power Line Insulators in Digital Images
The power infrastructure is of key importance for the proper functioning of the economy, both industry and services, and for the stable functioning of households.
  • 628
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Low-Dimensional-Materials-Based Flexible Artificial Synapse
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things, there is an explosion of available data for processing and analysis in any domain. However, signal processing efficiency is limited by the Von Neumann structure for the conventional computing system. Therefore, the design and construction of artificial synapse, which is the basic unit for the hardware-based neural network, by mimicking the structure and working mechanisms of biological synapses, have attracted a great amount of attention to overcome this limitation. In addition, a revolution in healthcare monitoring, neuro-prosthetics, and human–machine interfaces can be further realized with a flexible device integrating sensing, memory, and processing functions by emulating the bionic sensory and perceptual functions of neural systems. Therefore, low-dimensional materials, including both 0-dimensional materials (0D), one-dimensional (1D) materials, and two-dimensional (2D), have been employed in flexible neuromorphic devices and systems. 
  • 623
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Virtual Electronics Laboratories in Education
Virtual reality or VR corresponds to a sensation, on the part of the user, of being physically present in a world that is not physical, through the use of images, sounds, and other stimuli created computationally for this purpose.
  • 620
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Robustness Enhancement of Feedback Control in DC/DC Converters
One major limitation that feedback control methods exhibit, to different extent, is the low robustness against disturbances, which deteriorates their performance. For the enhancement of the robustness, various solutions have been proposed in literature, such as adaptive control structures or the integration of disturbance observers. These approaches to enhance the robustness of the feedback controllers are discussed in a systematic way. Researchers focus on the technologies that offer robustness in a generic baseline feedback controller, rather than on the modification of a specific feedback control method. Three extensively utilised approaches are reviewed, by presenting their principles and common structures in their application for the voltage regulation in DC/DC converters.
  • 619
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Upscaling of Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Module
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and modules are driving the energy revolution in the coming photovoltaic field. PSCs reached efficiency close to the silicon photovoltaic technology by adopting low-cost solution processes. Despite this, the noble metal (such as gold and silver) used in PSCs as a counter electrode made these devices costly in terms of energy, CO2 footprint, and materials. Carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) and modules use graphite/carbon-black-based material as the counter electrode. The formulation of low-cost carbon-based inks and pastes makes them suitable for large area coating techniques and hence a solid technology for imminent industrialization.
  • 611
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Building Safety Management System Based on Digital Technology
The scale of human accidents and the resultant damage has increased due to recent large-scale urban (building) fires, meaning there is a need to devise an effective strategy for urban disasters. In the event of a fire, it is difficult to evacuate in the early stages due to the loss of detection function, difficulty in securing visibility, and confusion over evacuation routes. Accordingly, for rapid evacuation and rescue, it is necessary to build a city-level fire safety service and digital system based on smart technology. In addition, both forest and building fires emit a large amount of carbon dioxide, which is the main cause of global warming.
  • 610
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Pre-Processing of Signals of Wearable Sensors
Surgery is a common first-line treatment for many types of disease, including cancer. Mortality rates after major abdominal surgery have seen significant decreases whilst postoperative complications remain a frequent occurrence. Preoperative assessment tools are used to support patient risk stratification but do not always provide a precise and accessible assessment. Wearable sensors (WS) provide an accessible alternative that offers continuous monitoring in a non-clinical setting. Pre-processing involves all changes to data that are made in order to prepare the data for analysis. Pre-processing can be the most vital stage in data processing and has a large impact on the inferences that can be made from a data set.
  • 608
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
New Energy Ship Digital Twin Technology
The shipping industry will undergo a transformation to low-carbon, intelligent and integrated operation and maintenance (O&M). Ship Digital Twin (DT) technology twins the shipping entity in the real world and the virtual twin in the digital world. A virtual ship twin can reproduce various operational conditions and complicated event processes. Ship DT is a new technology that offers three distinct advantages for new energy ships: It uses multi-dimensional multi-source data to create the navigational environment twin for new energy ships. The navigational environment twin accurately simulates the condition for the shipboard’s new energy. DT also combines the ship and the meteorological environment together in a virtual space to predict the power output for a new energy ship; DT allows intelligent O&M for new energy ships and provides smart real-time strategies for ship power scheduling, fault detection, and predictive maintenance. DT determines the whole life cycle performance for new energy ships to increase their long-term and overall economy. DT technology significantly increases the efficiency of ship power studies and reduces the experimental risk. DT for a new energy ship power system allows the transient simulation of a power system.
  • 607
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Energy Storage Systems for Urban-Driven Electric Vehicles
The prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs) is of a great significance to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Boosting the performance of energy management systems (EMSs) of electric vehicles (EVs) helps encourage their mass adoption by addressing range anxiety concerns. 
  • 604
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Factors Influence Designing of Sophomore Circuits Courses
Electrical engineering introductory circuit courses are the first context in which students are exposed to simple, steady-state, or direct current (DC) to complex, transient, or alternating current (AC) circuit theory and concepts. While students are usually taught basic circuit concepts in physics classes, introductory classes tend to go into more depth, as these classes form the basis for a specialization in electrical engineering. 
  • 600
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Cogenerator Using a Power Electronic System
Cogeneration sources play a very important role in the power industry with dispersed renewable sources with forced generation (e.g. photovoltaics and wind generators). They also fit into the circular economy by increasing the efficiency of fuel use, including biogas from agricultural or livestock waste. 
  • 593
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Advancements in Power Converter Technologies
Power converter technologies have become vital in various applications due to their efficient management of electrical energy. With the growing prominence of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, the high penetration of power electronic converters has been justified. However, ensuring power quality has emerged as a significant challenge for grid-connected power converters. 
  • 591
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
FMECA Applied to Cyber-Power Grids
Failure modes, effects, and criticality analysis (FMECA) is a qualitative risk analysis method widely used in various industrial and service applications. Despite its popularity, the method suffers from several shortcomings analyzed in the literature over the years. The classical approach to obtain the failure modes’ risk level does not consider any relative importance between the risk factors and may not necessarily represent the real risk perception of the FMECA team members, usually expressed by natural language.
  • 591
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Cognitive Hybrid RF/VLC Systems for Sensor Networks
Building on the foundations of Cognitive Radio (CR), Visible Light Communication (VLC), and Radio Frequency (RF), this integration of Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks (CRSNs) fuses CR, VLC, and RF technologies with sensor networks. This integration navigates the complexities of dynamic and heterogeneous wireless environments, offering a novel framework to harness the combined potential of these domains. CRSNs leverage the adaptability and intelligence of CR, the high data rates and energy efficiency of VLC, and the ubiquity and range of RF. Sensor nodes in CRSNs, equipped with CR, VLC, and RF capabilities, autonomously sense, analyze, and adapt to the wireless environment. This optimizes spectrum usage, enhances network performance, and facilitates efficient data transmission.
  • 590
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Copper RTD directly fabricated on ceramic-coated stainless-steel tube
Reducing the economic and environmental impact of industrial process may be achieved by the smartisation of different components. In this work, tube smartisation is presented via direct fabrication of a copper (Cu)-based resistive temperature detector (RTD) on their outer surfaces. The testing was carried out between room temperature and 250 °C. For this purpose, copper depositions were studied using mid-frequency (MF) and high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS). Stainless steel tubes with an outside inert ceramic coating were used after giving them a shot blasting treatment. The Cu deposition was performed at around 425 °C to improve adhesion as well as the electrical properties of the sensor. To generate the pattern of the Cu RTD, a photolithography process was carried out. The RTD was then protected from external degradation by a silicon oxide film deposited over it by means of two different techniques: sol–gel dipping technique and reactive magnetron sputtering.
  • 582
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Machine Learning Algorithm for Service Robots in Industry
The definition of a robot by Gonzalez-Aguirre et al. has been defined in three classes with a focus on the human–robot interaction. According to the first definition, the robot completely replaces the human worker in a dangerous or polluted environment that is unsuitable for human work.
  • 582
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
DiabeticSense
Diabetes mellitus is a widespread chronic metabolic disorder that requires regular blood glucose level surveillance. Current invasive techniques, such as finger-prick tests, often result in discomfort, leading to infrequent monitoring and potential health complications. Researchers was to design a novel, portable, non-invasive system for diabetes detection using breath samples, named DiabeticSense, an affordable digital health device for early detection, to encourage immediate intervention. The device employed electrochemical sensors to assess volatile organic compounds in breath samples, whose concentrations differed between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. The system merged vital signs with sensor voltages obtained by processing breath sample data to predict diabetic conditions.
  • 568
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Residential EV Charging Stations based on Renewable Energy
Charging electric vehicles (EVs) is of great concern both for future vehicle owners and grid operators, with charging at home being the preferred solution by 90% of owners. In addition, the supplied electricity needs to be clean in order to reduce emissions. 
  • 565
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Intrusion Detection in IoT
With the massive explosion in the deployment of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices globally, the security of these devices has become a critical concern. IoT devices are resource-constrained by nature. This means conventional security practices tend to be impossible, or impractical, to implement on these devices. The majority of the work focusing on IoT devices in security only considers the network traffic to and from the device. By inspecting this data, it is possible to infer if a device is under attack or has been attacked. Much research has been conducted in the field of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) for IoT devices. These IDS can either be network-based (NIDS), which are usually located on the IoT gateway, or host-based (HIDS), which are implemented on the device itself.
  • 564
  • 05 Jun 2023
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