Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 -- 1415 2023-05-30 15:35:16 |
2 layout -135 word(s) 1280 2023-05-31 02:48:13 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Kampik, M.; Fice, M.; Jurkiewicz, A. Cogenerator Using a Power Electronic System. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45013 (accessed on 27 July 2024).
Kampik M, Fice M, Jurkiewicz A. Cogenerator Using a Power Electronic System. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45013. Accessed July 27, 2024.
Kampik, Marian, Marcin Fice, Andrzej Jurkiewicz. "Cogenerator Using a Power Electronic System" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45013 (accessed July 27, 2024).
Kampik, M., Fice, M., & Jurkiewicz, A. (2023, May 30). Cogenerator Using a Power Electronic System. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45013
Kampik, Marian, et al. "Cogenerator Using a Power Electronic System." Encyclopedia. Web. 30 May, 2023.
Cogenerator Using a Power Electronic System
Edit

Cogeneration sources play a very important role in the power industry with dispersed renewable sources with forced generation (e.g. photovoltaics and wind generators). They also fit into the circular economy by increasing the efficiency of fuel use, including biogas from agricultural or livestock waste. 

cogenerator CHP electronic power converter induction generator

1. Introduction

Distributed combined heat and power (CHP) generation on a small scale (mCHP—micro CHP) is part of the promotion of renewable energy [1], energy efficiency [2], and the circular economy, promoted by legal acts of the European Union (EU) [3]. Cogeneration systems up to 50 kW are dedicated to agricultural biogas plants installed in small or medium-sized agricultural and breeding farms. The potential for biogas (biomethane) production in Poland is 7 billion Nm3 per year [4]. These types of farms are located in rural areas surrounded by other buildings [5]. However, more and more often new breeding farms are launched away from buildings, e.g., because of the odor nuisance. In this case, building of a local energy source in the farm may turn out to be less costly than building a new power line. Such solutions can also act as a guaranteed power supply system. In Europe, internal combustion engines (ICE) are most commonly used for CHP propulsion [6]. This is because, among other things, controlling the generated power is relatively easy [7]. In addition, the use of an ICE as a driving source for CHP still seems to be the cheapest solution despite the continuous development of other types of drives based on micro gas turbines, micro Rankine cycle, Stirling, and thermophotovoltaic technologies [8], especially in the case of systems with power up to several dozen kilowatts [9]. This applies in particular to mCHP technology. For farmers who operate and service agricultural machines on their own, a CHP operation built on a simple internal combustion engine is not difficult. For small CHPs, it is relatively easy to adjust the efficiency of the drive to match the system to the priority of electricity or heat [10], by controlling, for example, the rotational speed of the ICE [11][12].

2. Micro Electrical Systems with CHP

Micro power grids (micro electrical systems) have a great potential to become a solution to the electricity quality in power grids penetrated by micro renewable energy sources (micro-RES), especially photovoltaic sources with their own converter systems [13][14]. The influence of these sources is particularly visible in the values and shapes of voltages and currents in low-voltage (LV) grids. The solution may be an on-grid power system with its own control and balancing source. Such systems are connected to the power grid but are not visible to the active power (frequency) system control. This means that it balances the entire electrical energy demand in its own balancing shield (control shield, in particular an LV line). Renewable energy management in local LV grids usually uses the method of reducing the power generated from individual sources, to limit the voltage increase in the LV network and prevent the flow of energy to the medium-voltage (MV) grid [15]. There will be less and less sources with synchronous generators in the structures of microgrids powered by RES. This results in problems with ensuring sufficient system inertia for frequency control, especially in the case of micro systems covering a very small network area. Therefore, extensive frequency and voltage management systems in the LV network are necessary [16]. A good regulating and balancing source for local microgrids is a source driven by an ICE, i.e., a cogenerator. A good location for such a source is the LV grid on a farm with its own microbiogas power plant. The latter is not required if natural gas or other fuel is available.

3. Cogeneration Devices for Local Micro Electrical Systems

Typical solutions for regulation and balancing sources of electric energy are the use of synchronous generators connected to the power grid. Power converter systems are used more and more often to control power quality parameters in local microgrids. In local LV grids saturated with RES sources with their own inverters, there is a lack of kinetic energy stored in rotating machines. For such solutions, it is necessary to use connections that synchronize the operation of inverters in order to regulate the voltage and frequency [17][18]. This problem is particularly noticeable in a microgrid with one generator and a drive with a slight oversupply of torque (e.g., ICE). Frequency and voltage fluctuations may occur when the load power changes. The converter system, without kinetic energy resources, does not have sufficient control resources [19][20]. In such systems, it is necessary to use techniques to model hidden equivalent inertias for microgrids with RES using power converters [21][22][23].
Due to the low price, durability, and simplicity of the solution, induction machines driven by internal combustion engines are used for the construction of CHP generators and cogenerators up to 50 kW, fueled from microbiogas plants. For induction generators permanently connected to the grid, these solutions have been known for years [24]. However, the use of induction generators to supply the island network is associated with the problem of voltage regulation and excitation of the generator [25][26]. Cogeneration sources are currently treated as an excellent energy link in the circular economy. On the other hand, at the legislative level in the EU, they are a constantly underestimated flexible regulatory and balancing source [27][28][29]. Electrical power sources of up to 50 kW are formalized in Poland as prosumer energy sources [30]. Sources of up to 50 kW of electrical power can be connected to the grid on the basis of a notification submitted to the distribution system operator (DSO). The device must have a certificate confirming compliance with the technical requirements of the European NC RfG [31][32][33]. Induction generators are also used in small-scale water and wind energy, but permanently connected to the power grid [34][35][36].
The mCHP devices typically operate connected to the power grid (on-grid), and for proper operation induction generators only require a capacitor bank compensating inductive reactive power. They are also adapted to work with constant power with the lowest specific fuel consumption [37][38]. This is quite a limitation, such a solution means that mCHP devices most often work in intermittent mode, i.e., they are switched on periodically during the day when the demand for energy is greater. However, an important advantage of induction generators is the lack of the need to use a power supply for the excitation winding [39].
mCHP devices in the on-grid mode, although they have the ability to control the generated electric power by changing the fuel dose, are most often equipped with a manually controlled throttle and work with constant power. The manually controlled throttle reduces the cost of the device. However, such a system cannot properly generate energy in an off-grid installation without an excitation capacitance control system [40][41]. A major limitation in this case is also the low quality of electricity, especially large fluctuations in voltage and frequency [42]. Despite this, off-grid operation is increasingly required, e.g., in livestock farms requiring an emergency source of energy in the event of a power failure of the power grid.
Summing up the current state of the techniques used in practice to connect a source with an induction generator with a power of up to several dozen kilowatts:
  • devices operating in on-grid and off-grid modes are built based on synchronous generators. The time of switching between on-grid and off-grid modes is not shorter than several seconds, which cannot be considered as an uninterruptible power supply;
  • devices with induction generators operating in on-grid mode are permanently connected and usually operate with constant or variable electric power;
  • converter systems are used to control the excitation of synchronous generators or in systems with induction generators as inverters, allowing the rotational speed of the generator and the driving internal combustion engine to be changed.

References

  1. Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources (Recast). 2018. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2018.328.01.0082.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2018:328:TOC (accessed on 20 January 2023).
  2. European Union. The European Green Deal. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en (accessed on 16 January 2023).
  3. European Union. Circular Economy Action Plan; Technical Report; Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg, 2020.
  4. National Energy and Climate Plan for the Years 2021–2030; Technical Report; Ministry of Climate and Environment: Warsaw, Poland, 2019.
  5. Piechota, G.; Igliński, B. Biomethane in Poland—Current Status, Potential, Perspective and Development. Energies 2021, 14, 1517.
  6. Martinez, S.; Michaux, G.; Salagnac, P.; Bouvier, J.-L. Micro-combined heat and power systems (micro-CHP) based on renewable energy sources. Energy Convers. Manag. 2017, 154, 262–285.
  7. Amidpour, M.; Manesh, M.H.K. Chapter 9—Cogeneration and polygeneration targets. In Cogeneration and Polygeneration Systems; Amidpour, M., Manesh, M.H.H., Eds.; Elsevier Academic Press: London, UK, 2021; pp. 137–161.
  8. Vishwanathan, G.; Sculley, J.P.; Fischer, A.; Zhao, J.-C. Techno-economic analysis of high-efficiency natural-gas generators for residential combined heat and power. Appl. Energy 2018, 226, 1064–1075.
  9. Barbieri, E.S.; Spina, P.R.; Venturini, M. Analysis of innovative micro-CHP systems to meet household energy demands. Appl. Energy 2012, 97, 723–733.
  10. Caresana, F.; Brandoni, C.; Feliciotti, P.; Bartolini, C.M. Energy and economic analysis of an ICE-based variable speed-operated micro-cogenerator. Appl. Energy 2011, 88, 659–671.
  11. Angrisani, G.; Roselli, C.; Sasso, M. Distributed microtrigeneration systems. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2012, 38, 502–521.
  12. De Paepe, M.; D’Herdt, P.; Mertens, D. Micro-CHP systems for residential applications. Energy Convers. Manag. 2006, 47, 3435–3446.
  13. Karimi, M.; Mokhlis, H.; Naidu, K.; Uddin, S.; Bakar, A.H.A. Photovoltaic penetration issues and impacts in distribution network—A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 53, 594–605.
  14. Kharrazi, A.; Sreeram, V.; Mishra, Y. Assessment techniques of the impact of grid-tied rooftop photovoltaic generation on the power quality of low voltage distribution network—A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2020, 120, 109643.
  15. Li, Y.; Nejabatkhah, F. Overview of control, integration and energy management of microgrids. J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy 2014, 2, 212–222.
  16. Tayyebi, A.; Groß, D.; Anta, A.; Kupzog, F.; Dörfler, F. Frequency Stability of Synchronous Machines and Grid-Forming Power Converters. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron. 2020, 8, 1004–1018.
  17. Unruh, P.; Nuschke, M.; Strauß, P.; Welck, F. Overview on Grid-Forming Inverter Control Methods. Energies 2020, 13, 2589.
  18. Fernández-Guillamón, A.; Gómez-Lázaro, E.; Muljadi, E.; Molina-García, Á. Power systems with high renewable energy sources: A review of inertia and frequency control strategies over time. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2019, 115, 109369.
  19. Abazari, A.; Dozein, M.G.; Monsef, H. A New Load Frequency Control Strategy for an AC Micro-grid: PSO-based Fuzzy Logic Controlling Approach. In Proceedings of the 2018 Smart Grid Conference (SGC), Sanandaj, Iran, 28–29 November 2018; pp. 1–7.
  20. Gu, H.; Yan, R.; Saha, T.K. Minimum Synchronous Inertia Requirement of Renewable Power Systems. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2018, 33, 1533–1543.
  21. Blaabjerg, F.; Chen, Z.; Kjaer, S.B. Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed power generation systems. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2004, 19, 1184–1194.
  22. Blaabjerg, F.; Iov, F.; Kerekes, T.; Teodorescu, R.; Ma, K. Power electronics—Key technology for renewable energy systems. In Proceedings of the 2nd Power Electronics, Drive Systems and Technologies Conference, Tehran, Iran, 16–17 February 2011; pp. 445–466.
  23. Carrasco, J.M.; Franquelo, L.G.; Bialasiewicz, J.T.; Galván, E.; PortilloGuisado, R.C.; Prats, M.M.; Leon, J.I.; Moreno-Alfonso, N. Power-electronic systems for the grid integration of renewable energy sources: A survey. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2006, 53, 1002–1016.
  24. de Mello, F.P.; Feltes, J.W.; Hannett, L.N.; White, J.C. Application of induction generators in power systems. IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst. 1982, PAS-101, 3385–3393.
  25. Parsons, J.R., Jr. Cogeneration application of induction generators. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 1984, IA-20, 497–503.
  26. Murthy, S.S.; Malik, O.P.; Tandon, A.K. Analysis of self excited induction generators. Inst. Electr. Eng. Proc. C Gener. Transmiss. Distrib. 1982, 129, 260–265.
  27. De Souza, R.; Casisi, M.; Micheli, D.; Reini, M. A Review of Small–Medium Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technologies and Their Role within the 100% Renewable Energy Systems Scenario. Energies 2021, 14, 5338.
  28. Hammond, G.P.; Titley, A.A. Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power Systems: The Prospects for a Distributed Micro-Generator in the ‘Net-Zero’ Transition within the UK. Energies 2022, 15, 6049.
  29. Alanne, K.; Saari, A. Sustainable small-scale CHP technologies for buildings: The basis for multi-perspective decision-making. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2004, 8, 401–431.
  30. Polish Regulations: Act of 20 February 2015 on Renewable Energy Sources (JoL of 2022 Item 1378, as Amended). Available online: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20150000478 (accessed on 20 January 2023).
  31. Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/631 of 14 April 2016 Establishing a Network Code on Requirements for Grid Connection of Generators (NC RfG). 2016. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ%3AJOL_2016_112_R_0001 (accessed on 20 January 2023).
  32. Chmielowiec, K.; Topolski, Ł.; Piszczek, A.; Hanzelka, Z. Photovoltaic Inverter Profiles in Relation to the European Network Code NC RfG and the Requirements of Polish Distribution System Operators. Energies 2021, 14, 1486.
  33. Bollen, M.H.J.; Hassan, F. Integration of Distributed Generation in the Power System; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2011.
  34. Chen, Z.; Guerrero, J.M.; Blaabjerg, F. A Review of the State of the Art of Power Electronics for Wind Turbines. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2009, 24, 1859–1875.
  35. Nababan, S.; Muljadi, E.; Blaabjerg, F. An overview of power topologies for micro-hydro turbines. In Proceedings of the 2012 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), Aalborg, Denmark, 25–28 June 2012; pp. 737–744.
  36. Singh, R.R.; Chelliah, T.R.; Agarwal, P. Power electronics in hydro electric energy systems–A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 32, 944–959.
  37. Caliano, M.; Bianco, N.; Graditi, G.; Mongibello, L. Economic optimization of a residential micro-CHP system considering different operation strategies. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2016, 101, 592–600.
  38. Bianchi, M.; De Pascale, A.; Ruggero Spina, P. Guidelines for residential micro-CHP systems design. Appl. Energy 2012, 97, 673–685.
  39. Kroposki, B.; Pink, C.; DeBlasio, R.; Thomas, H.; Simões, M.; Sen, P.K. Benefits of power electronic interfaces for distributed energy systems. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 2010, 25, 901–908.
  40. Bansal, R.C. Three-phase self-excited induction generators: An overview. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 2005, 20, 292–299.
  41. Tandon, A.K.; Murthy, S.S.; Berg, G.J. Steady State Analysis of Capacitor Self-Excited Induction Generators. IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst. 1984, PAS-103, 612–618.
  42. Al-Bahrani, A.H.; Malik, N.H. Voltage control of parallel operated self excited induction generators. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 1993, 8, 236–242.
More
Information
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register : , ,
View Times: 233
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 31 May 2023
1000/1000
Video Production Service